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Romania aims to be a country in which all citizens are provided with an equal opportunity toparticipate in society, where their basic needs are met and their differences respected, and whereall people feel valued and can live in dignity.Our society is still far from this ideal. One in every five Romanian people is income poor. Most of the people living in relative poverty in Romania are in persistent poverty, meening that they have been in poverty for at least the last three years. Despite its relatively low unemployment rate, the country has a very high rate of poverty for in-work people, which is double the EU-27 rate (9 percent). As a response to this situation, the Government of Romania (GoR) has committed itself to lifting 580,000 people out of poverty by 20205 as part of the Europe 2020 Strategy.By 2020, Romania is committed to putting in place a set of policies and programs to (i) lift at least 580,000 people out of relative income poverty by 2020, compared to 2008; (ii) break the inter-generational cycle of poverty; (iii) prevent the recurrence of poverty and social exclusion; and (iv) ensure equal access to social assistance, cash transfers and services to strengthen social cohesion.the GoR asked for the World Bank's support to develop detailed implementation plans for the 2015-2018 period in the form of nine Flagship Innitiatives that are expected to have the greatest impact in terms of reducing poverty and promoting social inclusion. This Atlas of Rural Marginalized Areas and Local Human Development in Romania represents the Flagship Initiative develop an instrument to identify poor villages and marginalized rural communities. Specifically the Bank's technical assistance provided through this project has helped the GoR to develop: (i) a methodology for defining different types of rural marginalized areas based on a set of key criteria and indicators; (ii) detailed maps that present the spatial distribution of the rural marginalized communities by county; (iii) a methodology for defining degrees of local human development from low to comprehensive development, for rural and small urban settlements; and (iv) detailed county-level maps of local human development. In short, the Atlas helps to define which rural areas are marginalized, who lives in these areas (the profile of various disadvantaged groups), and where they are located in Romania.

Affordable Housing --- Cash Transfers --- Cities --- Communities --- Crime --- Disadvantaged Groups --- Gender --- Health --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Housing --- Housing & Human Habitats --- Housing Policy --- Human Capital --- Human Development Index --- Human Migrations & Resettlements --- Income Poverty --- Insurance --- Labor Market --- Mobility --- Nutrition --- Population Policies --- Poverty --- Poverty Line --- Poverty Reduction --- Poverty Strategy, analysis and Monitoring --- Rural Development --- Rural Economy --- Rural Population --- Rural Poverty --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Sanitation --- Social Development --- Social Protection and Risk Management --- Technical Assistance --- Unemployment --- Urban Areas --- Urban Planning --- Urbanization --- Villages --- Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement

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The rural economy in Bangladesh has been a powerful source of economic growth and has substantially reduced poverty, especially since 2000, but the remarkable transformation and unprecedented dynamism in rural Bangladesh are an underexplored, underappreciated, and largely untold story. The analysis identifies the key changes occurring in the rural economy, the principal drivers of rural incomes, the implications for policy, and related actions to foster future growth, further reduce poverty, and improve food security and nutrition. A substantial strength of this study is its empirical foundation, consisting of three sets of detailed data on rural households. Two of the datasets are unique in tracking the same set of households for more than two decades. These data make it possible to examine how change is occurring within and among rural households; they shed considerable light on trends that tend to be obscured at more aggregate levels of analysis. Nationally representative surveys and aggregate secondary data provide complementary and contextually rich insights into the household data.

Agribusiness --- Agricultural Policy --- Agricultural Productivity --- Agricultural Sector --- Agricultural Workers --- Agriculture --- Analysis of Economic Growth --- Cash Crops --- Climate Change --- Crop Diversification --- Crop Yields --- Economic Management --- Employment Opportunities --- Environment --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Farm Size --- Food Consumption --- Food Processing --- Food Production --- Food Safety --- Food Security --- Household Consumption --- Household Income --- Household Size --- Household Surveys --- Human Capital --- Income Distribution --- Income Poverty --- Inequality --- Irrigation --- Land Management --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Malnutrition --- Nutrition --- Politics --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural Development --- Rural Economy --- Rural Markets --- Rural Non-Farm Income Generation --- Rural Policies and Institutions --- Rural Population --- Rural Poverty --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Rural Services and Infrastructure --- Sanitation --- Savings --- Sharecropping --- Technical Assistance --- Unemployment