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This paper studies the financial viability of electricity sectors in 39 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa using an approach similar to that in an earlier study, the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic. The quasi-fiscal deficit in each country is calculated under two scenarios: existing utility performance and benchmark utility performance. In the first scenario, only two countries have a financially viable electricity sector (the Seychelles and Uganda). Only 19 countries cover operating expenditures, while several countries lose in excess of USD 0.25 per kilowatt-hour sold. Quasi-fiscal deficits average 1.5 percent of gross domestic product, and exceed 5 percent of gross domestic product in several countries. In this context, it will be difficult for utilities to maintain existing assets let alone facilitate the expansion needed to reach universal access goals. The number of countries with a quasi-fiscal deficit below zero increases to 13 under the second scenario, and to 21 when oil price impacts are considered, indicating tariff increases may not be needed at benchmark performance in these cases. Combined network and collection losses on average represent a larger hidden cost and are less politically sensitive to address than underpricing, so could be a smart area for policy focus to reduce quasi-fiscal deficits. Underpricing remains an issue to address over the medium term, as service quality improves. With no changes in power mix, tariffs would need to increase by a median value of USD 0.04 per kilowatt-hour sold at benchmark performance, representing a 24 percent increase on existing tariffs. Most countries have improved or maintained performance, and relatively few countries have had declining financial viability.

Cost of Electricity Service --- Electricity Tariffs --- Electricity Utilities --- Quasi-Fiscal Deficit --- Reform --- Subsidies

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While unjust enrichment is often identified as the third major branch of private law alongside contract and tort, there remains uncertainty what this body of law covers and what it's about. This book provides an account of the reasons supporting these claims and how these reasons bear on the law's application and development.

Unjust enrichment --- Restitution --- Philosophy. --- Great Britain. --- Replevin --- Benefits, Unjustified --- Enrichment, Unjust --- Unjustified benefits --- Civil law --- Contracts --- Quasi contracts --- Law and legislation

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Tort law regulates most human activities: from driving a car to using consumer products to providing or receiving medical care. Injuries caused by dog bites, slips and falls, fender benders, bridge collapses, adverse reactions to a medication, bar fights, oil spills, and more all implicate the law of torts. The rules and procedures by which tort cases are resolved engage deeply-held intuitions about justice, causation, intentionality, and the obligations that we owe to one another. Tort rules and procedures also generate significant controversy—most visibly in political debates over tort reform. The Psychology of Tort Law explores tort law through the lens of psychological science. Drawing on a wealth of psychological research and their own experiences teaching and researching tort law, Jennifer K. Robbennolt and Valerie P. Hans examine the psychological assumptions that underlie doctrinal rules. They explore how tort law influences the behavior and decision-making of potential plaintiffs and defendants, examining how doctors and patients, drivers, manufacturers and purchasers of products, property owners, and others make decisions against the backdrop of tort law. They show how the judges and jurors who decide tort claims are influenced by psychological phenomena in deciding cases. And they reveal how plaintiffs, defendants, and their attorneys resolve tort disputes in the shadow of tort law. Robbennolt and Hans here shed fascinating light on the tort system, and on the psychological dynamics which undergird its functioning.

Torts --- Psychological aspects --- LAW / Torts. --- Psychological aspects. --- Civil wrongs --- Delicts --- Injuries (Law) --- Quasi delicts --- Wrongful acts --- Accident law --- Actions and defenses --- Liability (Law) --- Obligations (Law) --- Negligence --- Reasonable care (Law) --- Torts - United States - Psychological aspects --- Etats-Unis

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With reportedly over USD50 billion lost annually through graft and illicit practices, combating corruption in Africa has been challenging. However, laws and policies at the continental, regional and national levels have been promulgated and enacted by African leaders. These initiatives have included the establishment of anti-corruption agencies mandated to tackle graft at national level, as well as coordinate bodies at regional and continental levels to ensure the harmonisation of normative standards and the adoption of best practices in the fight against corruption. Yet, given the disparity between the apparent impunity enjoyed by public servants and the anti-corruption rhetoric of governments in the region, the effectiveness of these agencies is viewed with scepticism. This continent-wide study of anti-corruption agencies aims to gauge their relevance and effectiveness by assessing their independence, mandate, available resources, national ownership, capacities and strategic positioning. These surveys include evidence-based recommendations calling for stronger, more relevant and effective institutions that are directly aligned to regional and continental anti-corruption frameworks, such as the African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption (AUCPCC), which the three countries in this current report - Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda - have all ratified.

Corruption --- Misconduct in office --- Prevention. --- Malfeasance in office --- Misfeasance in office --- Official misconduct --- Corrupt practices --- Independent regulatory commissions --- Political corruption --- Boss rule --- Corruption (in politics) --- Graft in politics --- Malversation --- Political scandals --- Politics, Practical --- Commissions, Independent regulatory --- Commissions of the federal government --- Independent administrative agencies --- Independent agencies --- Quasi-judicial agencies --- Regulatory agencies --- Regulatory commissions --- Administrative agencies --- Administrative law --- Insurance commissioners --- Evaluation. --- Administrative responsibility --- Ethics

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The aim of this volume is to summarize the current status and future outlook of the reionization field on both the theoretical and observational fronts. It brings together leading experts in many sub-disciplines, highlighting the measurements that are likely to drive the growing understanding of reionization and the cosmic dawn, and lays out a roadmap to interpreting the wealth of upcoming observations. The birth of the first stars and galaxies, and their impact on the diffuse matter perme­ating the early Universe, is one of the final frontiers in cosmology. Recently, measure­ments of the fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB), sourced only a few hundred thousand years after the Big Bang, provided robust insight into the overall physical content of our Universe. On the other end of the timeline, groundbreaking telescopes provide us a picture of the complexities of the galaxy-rich universe in which we now live. However, we know almost nothing about the astrophysics of the first billion years. During this relatively brief epoch, a tiny fraction of matter condensed inside the first galaxies, forming the first stars. This culminated in the final major phase change of our universe, cosmological reionization, which lifted the cosmic fog and allowed visible light to spread throughout space. This mysterious ep­och of reionization corresponds to the transition between the relative simplicity of the early universe and the complexity of the present-day one. It is fundamental in understanding cosmic origins, and its impact on structure formation resonates even to this day. Until recently, there was very little observational insight into the epoch of reionization. Subsequent observational and theoretical advancements have begun to paint a picture of a complicated, extended, inhomogeneous process. At its core, the process of cosmological reionization involves understanding how stars and clumps of gas impact each other and eventually the entire Universe. The challenges associated with such an enormous range of relevant scales, coupled with our relatively poor understanding of the dominant astrophysics, have thus far impeded efforts to form a solid theoretical framework. As such, the interpretation of the reionization data currently available remains controversial even as the wealth of data is increasing thanks to more sophisticated analytical and numerical approaches. Investigations have become subtler, discarding the “one size fits all” approach in favor of focused studies with specialized tools, placing astrophysics on the cusp of a dramatic increase in knowledge. What is the best use of limited observational resources? How to develop theoretical tools tailored for each observation? Ultimately, what will be learned about the epoch of reionization and the Universe’s galactic ancestors?

Astrophysics --- Astronomy - General --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Astrophysics. --- Radiative transfer. --- Interstellar hydrogen. --- Cosmic background radiation. --- Quasars. --- QSOs (Astronomy) --- Quasi-stellar radio sources --- Background radiation, Cosmic --- Cosmic microwave background --- Cosmic microwave radiation --- Microwave background --- Transfer, Radiative --- Astronomical physics --- Epoch of reionization. --- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology. --- EoR (Epoch of reionization) --- Reionization era --- Cosmogony --- Radio sources (Astronomy) --- Extraterrestrial radiation --- Hydrogen --- Interstellar matter --- Geophysics --- Heat --- Radiation --- Transport theory --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Radiation and absorption --- Astronomy.