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Civil resistance, especially in the form of massive peaceful demonstrations, was at the heart of the Arab Spring-the chain of events in the Middle East and North Africa that erupted in December 2010. It won some notable victories: popular movements helped to bring about the fall of authoritarian governments in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen. Yet these apparent triumphs of non-violent action were followed by disasters-wars in Syria, anarchy in Libya and Yemen, reversion to authoritarian rule in Egypt, and counter-revolution backed by external intervention in Bahrain. Looming over these events was the enduring divide between the Sunni and Shi'a branches of Islam. Why did so much go wrong? Was the problem the methods, leadership and aims of the popular movements, or the conditions of their societies? In this book, experts on these countries, and on the techniques of civil resistance, set the events in their historical, social and political contexts. They describe how governments and outside powers-including the US and EU-responded, how Arab monarchies in Jordan and Morocco undertook to introduce reforms to avert revolution, and why the Arab Spring failed to spark a Palestinian one.

PALESTINE -- 323.27 --- SYRIA -- 323.27 --- Arab Spring, 2010 --- -Civil disobedience --- Civil disobedience --- Government, Resistance to --- Revolutions --- #SBIB:328H511 --- #SBIB:328H512 --- #SBIB:324H73 --- Insurrections --- Rebellions --- Revolts --- Revolutionary wars --- History --- Political science --- Political violence --- War --- Civil resistance --- Non-resistance to government --- Resistance to government --- Insurgency --- Nonviolence --- Disobedience, Civil --- Arab Awakening, 2010 --- -History --- Instellingen en beleid: Islamitische, Arabisch sprekende landen --- Instellingen en beleid: Midden-Oosten / landen in het Midden-Oosten --- Politieke verandering: oppositie en minderheid, protest, politiek geweld --- Arab Spring (2010-) --- Arab countries --- Arab world --- Arabic countries --- Arabic-speaking states --- Islamic countries --- Middle East --- Politics and government --- Arabiska våren 2010 --- -Civil olydnad. --- -Civil disobedience - Middle East --- Civil disobedience - Africa, North --- Government, Resistance to - Middle East --- Government, Resistance to - Africa, North --- Revolutions - Arab countries - History - 21st century --- Arab countries - Politics and government - 21st century --- Political resistance