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This book reviews the current state of knowledge concerning cacao pathogens and methods for their management. Topics discussed include the history, biology and genetic diversity of Moniliophthora (which causes witches’ broom and frosty pod rot) and Phytophthora species (which causes black pod rot) that cause diseases resulting in major losses to cacao production. Emerging pathogens such as Cacao swollen shoot virus and Ceratobasidium theobromae (which causes vascular streak dieback) are also discussed in detail, along with many pathogens of significant local concern. Most of these pathogens represent major risks to global cacao production should they expand into new areas, breaking out of their current limited distributions. By considering cacao diseases as a group, similarities in the available tools and techniques used in their management become apparent, as do their limitations. Gaps in our current knowledge of cacao pathogens and the management of the diseases they cause are detailed, and suggestions for future research directions are provided. This insight allows readers to consider cacao disease threats from a more comprehensive, global perspective and paves the way for an improved synergy of efforts between the various research programs, agencies, and industries, both private and public, with vested interests in cacao production, and cacao farmers.

Biology --- Plant physiology. Plant biophysics --- Botany --- Agriculture. Animal husbandry. Hunting. Fishery --- Biotechnology --- systematische plantkunde --- biologie --- bevolking --- landbouw --- biotechnologie

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This book includes papers presented at the 2015 meeting of the Fodder Crops and Amenity Grasses Section of Eucarpia. The theme of the meeting “Breeding in a world of scarcity” was elaborated in four sessions: (1) scarcity of natural resources, (2) scarcity of breeders, (3) scarcity of land and (4) scarcity of focus. Parts I to IV of this book correspond to these four sessions. Session 1 refers to the consequences of climate change, reduced access to natural resources and declining freedom in using them. Plant breeding may help by developing varieties with a more efficient use of water and nutrients and a better tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Session 2 refers to the shrinking number of field breeders. There is a need for a mutual empathy between field- and lab-oriented breeding activities, integrating new methods of phenotyping and genotyping. Session 3 underscores the optimal use of agricultural land. Forage needs to be intensively produced in a sustainable way, meeting the energy, protein and health requirements of livestock. Well-adapted varieties, species and mixtures of grasses and legumes are needed. Session 4 refers to the fading of focus in primary production triggered by a range of societal demands. There are few farmers left and they are asked to meet many consumer demands. Both large-scale, multi-purpose species and varieties and specialized niche crops are required. Part V summarizes the conclusions of two open debates, two working group meetings and two workshops held during the conference. The debates were devoted to the future of grass and fodder crop breeding, and to feed quality breeding and testing. The conference hosted meetings of the working groups “Multisite rust evaluation” and “Festulolium”. Workshops focused on “genomic selection and association mapping” and on “phenotyping” with applications in practical breeding research. Part V contains also short sketches of breeding ideas presented as short communications. .

Biology --- Botany --- Agriculture. Animal husbandry. Hunting. Fishery --- Biotechnology --- systematische plantkunde --- genotype --- fenotypen --- biologie --- bevolking --- biotechnologie --- duurzame ontwikkeling --- klimaatverandering

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In this book leading scientists in the field describe the basic principles of dryland agriculture, and synthesize recent experiences and innovations in dryland agriculture research and development. It is a ready reference on the subject and reinforces the understanding for its utilization to develop environmentally sustainable and profitable food production systems. Various elements of dryland agriculture are described, highlighting associated breeding and modelling efforts, analysing the experiences and challenges of dryland agriculture in different regions, and it proposes some practical innovations and new areas of research in this critical area of agriculture. This book is an invaluable source of information for scientists, teachers and students in the fields of agronomy, ecology, environmental sciences, range management, land and water management and sustainable livestock grazing systems.

Meteorology. Climatology --- Biology --- Botany --- Agriculture. Animal husbandry. Hunting. Fishery --- Biotechnology --- systematische plantkunde --- biologie --- bevolking --- landbouw --- biotechnologie --- duurzame ontwikkeling --- klimaatverandering

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Using a wealth of anecdotes, data from academic literature, and original research, this very accessible little book highlights how we all struggle to cope with the maelstrom of choices, influences and experiences that come our way. The authors have slogged through piles of dry research papers to provide many wonderful nuggets of information and surprising insights. For example: Why is an upside-down red triangle such a powerful warning sign on the road? What is the best kind of alibi? What makes the number 7 so special? Why is it better to whisper words of love into the left ear? Will that recent marriage last? Why is it that the French eat snails but not slugs? The reader will discover the amazing tools and shortcuts that millennia of evolution have built into our brains. And this knowledge is power! Knowing more about how the human mind connects the dots helps us understand why decision-making is so tricky. With insights from evolutionary psychology, we become better equipped to understand ourselves and others, and to interact and communicate more effectively.

Science --- Cognitive psychology --- Psychology --- Social psychology --- Sociology --- Economics --- Statistical physics --- Pure sciences. Natural sciences --- Linguistics --- gedrag (mensen) --- popularisering wetenschap --- populaire cultuur --- psychologie --- sociologie --- bevolking --- economie --- wetenschap --- cognitieve psychologie

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Using a system dynamics approach, this book illustrates the physics of fundamental accumulation processes (stocks and flows) across the demand and supply sectors of energy systems. Examples of system dynamics simulation models are presented where these accumulation processes are driving the behavior of the system. Based on these modeling efforts, two cases (the socio-economic and environmental implications of the energy policy of Pakistan and the dynamics of green power in Ontario, Canada) are analyzed and discussed. By studying the dynamics of the fundamental structures of an energy system, the reader gains an enhanced understanding of the stocks and flows of complex systems as well as their role in energy policy. This book is of use to managers and practitioners, teachers, researchers, and students of design and assessment of policy making for complex, dynamic energy systems.

Sociology --- Economics --- Statistical physics --- Thermodynamics --- Relation between energy and economics --- energiebeheer (technologie) --- energiemanagement (economie) --- thermodynamica --- energiebeleid --- energie-economie --- sociologie --- bevolking --- economie --- energie (technologie) --- energiemarkten