Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Irrigated agriculture is an important strategic sector in Morocco, it accounts for about 45%, on average, of the agricultural Gross Domestic Product, contributing thus to food security and employment. It occupies 15% (about 1.5 million ha) of the total cultivated area in the country. Irrigation scheme managers need to ensure that water is optimally used in the irrigated perimeters and that water shortages are avoided. For large areas under irrigation, this can be achieved through water monitoring at plot level using modeling and satellite-based methodologies. The main objective of this research was to assess the use of optical and radar remote sensing and of crop modeling in the irrigation monitoring and management of wheat in the irrigated perimeter of Tadla. The potential of spectral indices derived from SPOT-5 images was explored for comparing, quantifying and mapping surface water content changes at regional and local levels. Indices were computed using the reflectance in red, near infrared and shortwave infrared bands. Our findings show that the normalized difference water index (NDWIRog) could be used to estimate and map the surface water content of wheat plots, from bare soil to fully covered soil. Backscatter threshold values derived from SAR images were used to detect irrigation water supplies in wheat plots and the optimal acquisition frequency of SAR images was determined in order to ensure continuous monitoring. A field crop model (AquaCrop) was adjusted to simulate durum wheat yields and the temporal evolution of soil moisture status in order to manage and schedule irrigation water supplies and assess their impact on yield. Currently, the approaches described in this paper are being applied independently. This research was intended, therefore, to provide tools to help policy-makers and stakeholders improve irrigation monitoring and mitigate wheat water stress at the field and irrigation perimeter levels in semi-arid areas.

Cultures --- Rétrodiffusion. --- Backscattering --- Wheat --- Irrigation Management --- Irrigation. --- Morocco

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

La création de l’Office national interprofessionnel du blé (ONIB) par le gouvernement du Front populaire à l’été 1936 est l’accomplissement d’un élément du programme socialiste, mais il est surtout une réponse à la grave crise du marché du blé qui frappe le pays. Cette crise agricole de surproduction à l’échelle mondiale entraîne en France, malgré la mobilisation parlementaire, des réponses politiques longtemps tâtonnantes, qui ne parviennent pas à lutter contre les fraudes et les scandales provoqués par la spéculation. Ainsi la loi sur le prix minimum de l’été 1933 est un échec tant les intérêts des producteurs, des consommateurs et des différents intermédiaires sont en contradiction. La création de l’ONIB est difficile et témoigne aussi de ces oppositions. L’Office est modifié dans son fonctionnement dès 1938 pour faire face aux enjeux financiers. Transformé en Office national interprofessionnel des céréales (ONIC), l’Office est maintenu sous l’Occupation puis à la Libération pour faire face aux difficultés du ravitaillement. Fondée sur des archives diverses et méconnues, cette étude se veut une illustration de l’entremêlement de l’histoire économique et de l’histoire sociale avec l’histoire politique. Elle permet aussi de revenir aux sources des mécanismes de régulation des marchés agricoles qui ont été très influents dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle et en particulier pour la politique agricole commune (PAC).

Wheat trade --- Agriculture and state --- History --- France. --- Agrarian question --- Agricultural policy --- Agriculture --- State and agriculture --- Economic policy --- Land reform --- Wheat industry --- Grain trade --- Government policy --- Office national interprofessionnel des céréales --- Office national interprofessionnel du blé (France) --- Office national interprofessionnel des céréales (France) --- entre-deux-guerres --- politique économique --- office du blé --- prix --- crise agricole --- France --- blé

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This report was prepared by the World Bank in partnership with the Livelihoods and Food Security Multi-Donor Trust Fund (LIFT). Both the World Bank and the LIFT are actively involved in supporting Myanmar's agriculture sector given its significance in poverty reduction and food security, and they both consider the lack of reliable farm data to be a significant constraint to designing effective programs and policies. This report fills some of the data gaps. In addition to presenting the collected data, the report offers the first analysis of these data. It focuses on the assessment of the extent of crop diversification and an analysis of farm production economics, in particular (partial factor) productivity of agricultural land and labor and crop profitability. This focus was chosen to study Myanmar's commercial production areas and to facilitate international comparisons, as most international studies follow a similar approach, focusing on advanced farmers in commercial production areas. The four main findings of the report are as follows: (i) Myanmar's farming systems are diversified and during the monsoon season most farms produce paddy, during the cool and dry seasons most farms produce crops other than paddy, mainly beans and pulses, oilseeds, and maize; (ii) the analysis reconfirmed that agricultural productivity in Myanmar is low, irrespective of what indicators are used, limiting the sector's contribution to poverty reduction and shared prosperity; (iii) low productivity is a result of multiple factors, many of them associated with the undersupply of quality public services such as research, extension, and rural infrastructure, in delivery of which the government has a key role to play; and (iv) going forward and given that paddy is less profitable and more costly to produce than other crops in most agro-ecological zones, especially during the cool and dry seasons, it is desirable to redesign public programs from exclusive support of paddy production to support for broad-based agricultural development.

Agricultural Knowledge & Information Systems --- Agricultural Productivity --- Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agriculture --- Aquaculture --- Beans --- Contract Farming --- Cooperatives --- Corn --- Crop Diversification --- Crops --- Crops & Crop Management Systems --- Drainage --- Dry Seasons --- Dung --- Ecosystems --- Farming --- Food Security --- Labor Costs --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Maize --- Oilseed Crops --- Plants --- Poultry --- Rice --- Rural Development --- Rural Markets --- Rural Policies and Institutions --- Seeds --- Soil Erosion --- Sunflowers --- Weeds --- Wheat

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Faced with a large and increasing obesity epidemic, the Mexican Government in the last years has increased efforts to prevent and control it. In October 2013, Mexico's Congress passed legislation imposing taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and calorie-dense foods of low nutritional value. These taxes were part of a comprehensive strategy to prevent and control obesity, overweight and diabetes. In addition to fiscal policy and regulation, this strategy included other health promotion and prevention interventions as well as measures to ensure better access to effective health care services. The decision to implement this fiscal policy was the result of a long advocacy process in which different actors participated, including civil society organizations and government agencies, which provided needed evidence on the status of the epidemic and options to fight against it. The taxes were designed to avoid, as much as possible, the substitution of consumption of the taxed goods for other unhealthy foods and beverages not subject to taxation. These taxes have been successful in increasing both the fiscal revenues and the price of the products taxed. There is also evidence that they have reduced consumption, particularly of SSBs. The taxes seem to have the highest impact among people in the poorest quintiles of the income distribution, who had experienced the highest increase in consumption of the goods under taxation in the last years. A debate remains on the actual impact of the taxes, particularly on health outcomes. Thus it is important to continue monitoring the impact of the taxes through the development of price and volume indicators, based on publicly available data, as well as health outcome indicators.

Adolescents --- Agriculture --- Breastfeeding --- Children --- Climate Change Economics --- Cocoa --- Cohort Studies --- Communicable Diseases --- Corn --- Diabetes --- Drinking Water --- Food & Beverage Industry --- Food Consumption --- Grains --- Health --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Outcomes --- Health Policy --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Industry --- Injuries --- International Food Policy Research Institute --- Internet --- Knowledge --- Labeling --- Life Expectancy --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Marketing --- Measurement --- Migration --- Nutrition --- Obesity --- Pesticides --- Prevention --- Public Health --- Staple Foods --- Surgery --- Taxation & Subsidies --- Weight --- Wheat --- Workers

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The longstanding "cash versus food" debate has received renewed attention in both research and practice. This paper reviews key issues shaping the debate and presents new evidence from randomized and quasi-experimental evaluations that deliberately compare cash and in-kind food transfers in ten developing counties. Findings show that relative effectiveness cannot be generalized: although some differences emerge in terms of food consumption and dietary diversity, average impacts tend to depend on context, specific objectives, and their measurement. Costs for cash transfers and vouchers tend to be significantly lower relative to in-kind food. Yet the consistency and robustness of methods for efficiency analyses varies greatly.

Administrative Costs. --- Agricultural Activities. --- Agricultural Economics. --- Agriculture. --- Assistance Programs. --- Bars. --- Beneficiary. --- Bread. --- Cash Assistance. --- Cash Interventions. --- Cash Payments. --- Cash Transfer Programs. --- Cash Transfer. --- Cassava. --- Cereals. --- Child Growth. --- Child Health. --- Child Nutrition. --- Chocolate. --- Conditional Cash. --- Conditional Transfer. --- Corn. --- Dairy. --- Distribution Program. --- Distribution System. --- Dried Fish. --- Drought. --- Economic Growth. --- Education Programs. --- Eggs. --- Emergency Food. --- Famine. --- Feeding Programs. --- Flour. --- Food Aid. --- Food and Beverage Industry. --- Food Assistance Programs. --- Food Assistance. --- Food Availability. --- Food Commodities. --- Food Consumption. --- Food Distribution. --- Food Expenditures. --- Food Fortification. --- Food Insecurity. --- Food Policy. --- Food Prices. --- Food Producers. --- Food Production. --- Food Programmes. --- Food Programs. --- Food Provision. --- Food Ration. --- Food Rations. --- Food Relief. --- Food Security. --- Food Shortage. --- Food Stamp. --- Food Supply. --- Food Transfer. --- Food Vouchers. --- Food. --- Foods. --- Fruit. --- Global Food Production. --- Grains. --- Health Centers. --- Health Program. --- Health, Nutrition and Population. --- Home Ration. --- Household Consumption. --- Household Food Security. --- Household Income. --- Household Level. --- Household Size. --- Household Surveys. --- Household Welfare. --- Human Resources. --- Humanitarian Response. --- Income Transfer. --- Income. --- Industry. --- International Social Security. --- Labeling. --- Labor Supply. --- Lean Season. --- Legumes. --- Logistics. --- Maintenance Program. --- Maize. --- Malnutrition. --- Market Prices. --- Maternal-Child Health. --- Meal. --- Measures. --- Meat. --- Milk Powder. --- Natural Disasters. --- Nutrition Assistance. --- Nutrition Programs. --- Nutrition Training. --- Nutrition. --- Nutritional Benefits. --- Palm Oil. --- Pasta. --- Peanuts. --- Pensions. --- Political Economy. --- Poor. --- Potatoes. --- Poverty Line. --- Poverty Reduction. --- Poverty. --- Protection Systems. --- Provision of Goods. --- Public Action. --- Public Distribution System. --- Public Works. --- Pulses. --- Purchasing Power. --- Rations. --- Red Beans. --- Refugee Camps. --- Resource Allocation. --- Rice. --- Risk Management. --- Risks. --- Rural Poverty Reduction. --- Safety Net Programs. --- Safety Net Transfers. --- Safety Net. --- Safety Nets and Transfers. --- Savings. --- School Feeding Programs. --- School Feeding. --- School Fees. --- School Meals. --- Share of Transfers. --- Social Contract. --- Social Pensions. --- Social Protection. --- Social Protections and Labor. --- Social Safety Nets. --- Social Security. --- Social Spending. --- Social Transfer. --- Social Transfers. --- Staple Foods. --- Starch. --- Subsidies. --- Sugar. --- Supermarket. --- Targeting. --- Temporary Employment. --- Transaction Costs. --- Transfer Amount. --- Transfer Program. --- Transfers in Cash. --- Transfers. --- Tubers. --- Ultra Poor. --- Vegetables. --- Vouchers. --- Vulnerable Group. --- Welfare. --- Wheat Flour. --- Wheat. --- Works Program. --- World Food Programme.