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The most common way to treat wastewater treatment plants is through the activated sludge process. Although the main principle of the process has been the same since many years, there has been a continuous development and wastewater treatment has been designed to remove not only organic material but also nitrogen and phosporus by exploiting the properties of different microorganisms. However, for optimizing performance of the wastewater treatment plants, an increased understanding of the factors governing the compositionof the microbial communities in the wastewater treatment plants, is regarded as fundamental. Ths thesis focused on the investigation of the variability in growth and activity of the microbial community with influent conditions and operation parameters in the activated sludge of the Schifflange wastewater tratment plant. Activated sludge samples were collected at 4 representative time points : 2 in autumn (October, and October 25, 2010) and 2 in winter January 25, 2011 and February 23, 2011) from the floating sludge of the anoxic treatment phase of Schifflange WWTP. By sequencing the "16S rRNA gene", and comparing the sequences obtained for the floating sludge to the gene library, the composition of the microbial community has been etablished. The most abundant bacterial phyla were the proteobacteria (27.8%-58.11%), Actinobacteria+microthrix parvicella (12.8%-25.9%) and the Bacteriodetes (10.18%-20.92%), which are commonly found in varying proportions in wastewater treatment plants. Seasonal variations in the bacterial community composition were observed , between autumn 2010 and winter 2011, and could be explained by the seasonal variations in wastewater temperature. Changes in bacterial community composition coincided with observed bulking and foaming problems in the aeration tank. However, this change in microbial community didn't affect the treatment performance of the Schifflange WWTP. The average removal efficiency over the year 2010, 2011, and 2012 of COD, BOD5, TSS, Nitrogen, and phosphorous were 94.25%, 98.81%, 96.62%, 88.10%, and 89.06% respectively.

Sewage disposal plants

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Nanoparticles --- Sewage --- Nanoparticules. --- Méthanisation. --- Purification --- Anaerobic treatment

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"This book is a Spanish translation of Faecal Sludge Management: Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation It is estimated that literally billions of residents in urban and peri-urban areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America are served by onsite sanitation systems (e.g. various types of latrines and septic tanks). Until recently, the management of faecal sludge from these onsite systems has been grossly neglected, partially as a result of them being considered temporary solutions until sewer-based systems could be implemented. However, the perception of onsite or decentralized sanitation technologies for urban areas is gradually changing, and is increasingly being considered as long-term, sustainable options in urban areas, especially in low- and middle-income countries that lack sewer infrastructures. This is the first book dedicated to faecal sludge management. It compiles the current state of knowledge of the rapidly evolving field of faecal sludge management, and presents an integrated approach that includes technology, management, and planning based on Sandecs 20 years of experience in the field.Faecal Sludge Management: Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation addresses the organization of the entire faecal sludge management service chain, from the collection and transport of sludge, and the current state of knowledge of treatment options, to the final end use or disposal of treated sludge. The book also presents important factors to consider when evaluating and upscaling new treatment technology options.The book is designed for undergraduate and graduate students, and engineers and practitioners in the field who have some basic knowledge of environmental and/or wastewater engineering."

Environmental science, engineering & technology --- Water supply & treatment --- Sewage Sludge --- Technology & Engineering

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Sewage --- Water treatment plants --- Water quality management --- Green technology --- Purification --- Technological innovations --- Technological innovations --- United States.

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The report identifies viable and low-carbon energy sources that would help cement producers satisfy their growing energy demand. For the first time, mapped, quantified, and analyzedco-processing in Egypt. It also identified the current and future appetite for alternative fuels, highlighted impediments to market growth, and recommended potential solutions throughout the supply chain. This study makes that point clear, and encourages producers, officials, and other stakeholders to find greener ways to help Egypt's cement industry grow. The successful use of alternative fuels for the cement industry brings with it potentially significant public and private benefits. The use of Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials (AFR) can reduce landfilling, lower carbon emissions by substituting the use of coal, reduce public costs for waste management, and potentially transform waste from a public nuisance into a privatizedand lucrative solution. The benefits make the investment more than worth the effort.Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials (AFR) are any non-fossil based fuels that can replace part of the raw material needed for the production of cement, whether it is used for thermal energy or material recovery. These alternative fuels are derived from waste material, which is plentiful in Egypt. The main objective of this study will be to examine in detail the financial viability, economic competitiveness, technical feasibility and other benefits of AFR for the cement industry. This report will consider four types of AFR waste streams: a) refuse derived fuel (RDF) from municipal solid waste, b) dried sewage sludge (DSS) from wastewater treatment plants, c) agricultural waste, and d)tire derived fuel (TDF) from scrap tires. These waste streams have been selected since they meet three essential criteria defined after extensive consultation with relevant stakeholders. Those are: 1) suitability for use by the Egyptian cement industry; 2) abundance, relative availability of data, and proximity to cement producers; and 3) current mismanagement of associated waste streams, leading to negative environmental and health impacts. Conclusions can be drawn largely on the price differential between AFR and conventional fuel, which may depend in large part onEgypt's energy and waste management policies. Expanded use of alternative fuels will be further stimulated by the introduction of an economic framework around waste disposal and recycling.A more detailed analysis of the existing regulatory framework, future policies needed and international best practices will also be elaborated upon. Based on the assessment of the energy situation in Egypt, the cement industry's thermal energy needs, and the current use of AFR, a realistic energy mix scenario will be developed. This will also involve a comparison of the energetic (calorific) value of the various energy sources, potential volumes available, and the cost structure. This study aims to provide a reference for the cement industry, waste processing companies, and Egyptian authorities, helping them to understand and identify responsible and sustainable approaches tothe selection and use of AFR in the cement industry in a transparent and sustainable manner.

Cement Industry --- Energy --- Energy Demand --- Energy Markets --- Energy Subsidies --- Fossil Fuels --- Fuels --- Industrial Economics --- Industry --- Renewable Energy --- Sewage Sludge