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"A story of her small family farm in Colorado with history of water policy in the state and the science and law of water resources in the West. Addressing the deepening need for urban-rural cooperation, dispelling misconceptions and shares essential background knowledge about farms, food and water"--Provided by publisher.

Water-supply, Rural --- Water resources development --- Women environmentalists --- History. --- D'Elgin, Tershia. --- Environmentalists --- Women scientists --- Energy development --- Natural resources --- Water-supply --- Rural water-supply --- Sanitation, Rural

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Coverage figures also need to be viewed in the context of the grave water quality issues, virtual lack of treatment of sewage and wastewater in a heavily industrialized province, and serious contamination of water bodies and sources. Solid waste collection, which was not covered in detail in this study, is reportedly only 34 percent overall and virtually absent in rural areas, which has impact on the functionality of sanitation infrastructure, and can result in contamination of water bodies. There is no sanitary landfill in the province. Sindh's lower riparian status exposes it to critical issues of water availability. Pakistan is a highly water stressed country and reduced water flows in the lower Indus have stretched water availability and increased saltwater intrusion. Inadequate drainage has resulted in widespread waterlogging and salinity (with nearly a fifth of the canal command affected). This affects both drinking water and sewerage/drainage systems. The high level of environmental degradation has had serious economic and social consequences. This is compounded by the weak environmental management of a significant urban sector; of about 486 million gallon per day (MGD) of sewage generated by Karachi and Hyderabad alone, a mere 65 MGD is treated, the remaining being discharged raw into water bodies (with reportedly only 1 percent of wastewater treated outside of the two main cities). The study finds that these achievements need to be viewed with considerable caution. Serious structural issues threaten to negate these gains in the immediate future. There is a high dependence on private providers and self-provision where state systems are failing due to growing populations. This remains unregulated, and multiple actors serve as providers with minimal coordination or adherence to standards and regulations. Yet, without the presence of private providers and self-provision, sector performance will be significantly weaker.

Hygiene --- Rural Water Supply and Sanitation --- Sanitation --- Urban Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Economics --- Water Supply and Sanitation Finance --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions

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This report is a synthesis of the technical assistance (TA) Scaling Up Rural Sanitation and Hygiene in Indonesia, carried out by the World Bank - Water and Sanitation Program (WSP). It was developed in consultation with the Directorate of Environmental Health, Directorate General of Public Health and Centre for Health Promotion of the Ministry of Health (MoH) and with key institutions in the focus provinces in West Java, Central Java, East Java, Bali, and West Nusa Tenggara. Reform in the rural sanitation sub-sector began in 2005 following the successful introduction of Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) in 6 districts. In 2007, the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) supported the Ministry of Health (MoH) to complement the use of CLTS with behavior change communication (BCC) and development of the sanitation market. This new approach was piloted at scale in 28 out of 29 districts in East Java Province in 2007-2011 under the Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing (TSSM) TA. Impressive results were achieved in just ten months, with 262 villages becoming Open Defecation Free (ODF). In response, MoH adopted the district-wide approach in 2008 and launched a new rural sanitation development strategy called Community-Based Total Sanitation (Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat) or STBM. The STBM strategy has three elements: demand creation through CLTS and BCC; supply chain improvement through developing the local sanitation market; and creation of and enabling environment through advocacy for local formal and informal regulations and resource mobilization. This project was was also complementary to a large-scale World Bank-funded program called PAMSIMAS, which has evolved from a project to a national platform through which the government intends to reach its newly adopted target of universal access to water supply and sanitation by 2019. Some of the key results and achievements are as follows : i) Well-functioning STBM Secretariat set up to co-ordinate STBM implementation nationwide, ii) Local government capacity in implementing STBM through demand creation, supply improvement and enabling environment increased, and iii) More effective STBM implementation at provincial and district Level. Some of the lesson learned: i) A capacity building framework to strengthen institutions at all levels is key for scaling up in a decentralized environment; ii) Well-crafted advocacy and communications are valuable for disseminating tested approaches and facilitating their adoption at scale; iii) Engagement of a range of institutions also strengthens campaign outreach; iv) An effective monitoring system is invaluable and it use should be formally integrated into the routine operations of government agencies; v) Local government can help to develop the rural sanitation market; and vi) The scaling up tested approaches can be enhanced greatly through their incorporation into established programmes.

Capacity Building --- Communication Channels --- Consultants --- Decision Making --- Drinking Water --- Early Childhood --- Environmental Health --- Family Health --- Gross Domestic Product --- Handwashing --- Health --- Health and Sanitation --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Human Resources --- Hygiene --- Hygiene Promotion and Social Marketing --- Infant Mortality --- Knowledge --- Marketing --- Mass Media --- Mortality --- Natural Resources --- Nurses --- Nutrition --- Population --- Posters --- Prevention --- Primary Education --- Public Health --- Rural Development --- Rural Water Supply and Sanitation --- Sanitation --- Soap --- Social Norms --- Technical Assistance --- Universal Primary Education --- Waste --- Water Supply --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Workers