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Transport connectivity is an essential part of the enabling environment for inclusive and sustained growth. In many developing countries, particularly in Africa, the vast majority of farmers are still disconnected from local, regional, and global markets. To reduce poverty and support inclusive economic growth, rural access is key. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation(Goal 9), for whichTarget 9.1 is to develop quality, reliable, sustainable andresilient infrastructure to support economic developmentand human well-being, with a focus on affordableand equitable access for all. The Rural Access Index (RAI)is proposed as an indicator to measure this target.The definition is also simple enough to understand and usenot only in transport, but also in the broader development context, such as poverty alleviation. In the initial study, the RAI was estimated at 68.3 percent based onhousehold surveys, leaving a rural population of about one billion unconnected to a good quality road network. It is important to update the RAI in a timely manner anduse it in actual operations. Unfortunately, however, the previous methodology has several disadvantages, suchas inconsistency across countries, lack of sustainability ofregular updates, and weak operational relevance and clientownership. In particular, it is generally costly to relyon a household survey, which limits the sustainability ofthe index. In addition, the household-based approachcannot be spatially representative enough, limiting operational usefulness. With different tools and innovative technologies, it is now becoming easier and very possible to collect data, update the condition of the road network, and revise the RAI more regularly.

Roads --- Rural Development --- Rural Roads & Transport --- Transport

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This paper reviews both current practices and common challenges of measuring the causes, functioning, and consequences of violent conflict at the micro-level. The authors review existing conflict- and violence-related survey questionnaires, with a particular focus on the World Bank's Living Standard Measurement Surveys. Further, they discuss methodological challenges associated with empirical work in conflict-affected areas-such as operationalizing a definition of conflict, using the appropriate units of analysis, deciding on the timing of the survey, dealing with data biases and conducting surveys in an ethically sound manner-and propose ways to improve the usefulness of existing surveys to analyze conflict processes at the micro-level. Violent conflict, households, survey methods, questionnaire design.

Abuse. --- Access to Markets. --- Access to Services. --- Armed Conflict. --- Atrocities. --- Basic Needs. --- Bombing. --- Causes of Displacement. --- Child Mortality. --- Civil War. --- Civilian Populations. --- Combatants. --- Conflict and Development. --- Conflict Research. --- Conflict Resolution. --- Conflict. --- Conflicts. --- Constraints. --- Consultant. --- Contract. --- Crises. --- Death. --- Demobilization. --- Democracy. --- Developing Countries. --- Disarmament. --- Economic Development. --- Economic Growth. --- Economies. --- Ethnic Group. --- Evelopment Aid. --- Evelopment Policy. --- Ex-Combatant. --- Excess Mortality. --- Exposure to Violence. --- Extreme Poverty. --- Fertility. --- Fighting. --- Food Consumption. --- Food Policy. --- Foundations. --- Genocide. --- Guerrilla. --- Health Problems. --- Health, Nutrition and Population. --- Household Emographics. --- Household Heads. --- Household Survey. --- Household Welfare. --- Human Capital. --- Human Welfare. --- Hunger Insurance. --- Illness. --- Impact of Conflict. --- Impact of Shocks. --- Income. --- Inequality. --- Insurance. --- International Bank. --- International Committee. --- International Cooperation. --- Knowledge. --- Labor Market. --- Labor Supply. --- Lack of Infrastructure. --- Life Events. --- Living Standards. --- Local Conflict. --- Malnutrition. --- Measures. --- Migration. --- Military Service. --- Mortality Levels. --- Mortality. --- Nations. --- Needs Assessments. --- Negotiations. --- Number of Deaths. --- Nutrition. --- Observer. --- Peace Research. --- Peace. --- Peacebuilding. --- Peacekeeping. --- Polarization. --- Policy Iscussions. --- Policy Makers. --- Policy Research Working Paper. --- Policy Research. --- Policy. --- Political Constraints. --- Political Instability. --- Political Participation. --- Political Violence. --- Politics. --- Poor Households. --- Poor. --- Population Fund. --- Population Groups. --- Population Policies. --- Population. --- Post Conflict Reconstruction. --- Post-Conflict Reconstruction. --- Poverty Dynamics. --- Poverty Estimates. --- Poverty Reduction. --- Poverty. --- Primary School. --- Progress. --- Publications. --- Rape. --- Rebel. --- Reconstruction. --- Refugee Camps. --- Refugee. --- Revolutions. --- Right-Wing. --- Risks. --- Roads. --- Rural Households. --- Rural Poverty Reduction. --- Rural Roads. --- Rural. --- Sexual Abuse. --- Social Action. --- Social Conflict and Violence. --- Social Development. --- Social Science. --- Social Security. --- Soldiers. --- Substance Abuse. --- Terrorism. --- Training. --- Transfers. --- Trauma. --- Trust. --- Unemployment. --- United Nations Population Fund. --- University. --- Victims. --- Village Leaders. --- Violence. --- Violent Conflict. --- Violent Experiences. --- Vulnerability. --- Vulnerable Groups. --- War. --- Warfare. --- World Evelopment.