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Le terme même de contrôle est sévère : une autorité, les pouvoirs publics, contrôlent ce qu'ils entendent dominer ou du moins orienter dans un sens qui leur conviendrait ; le concept laisse penser à une certaine soumission des religions par l'État.En définitive, d'une surveillance qui impliquait soumission de la religion, on est passé aujourd'hui à un devoir incombant à l'État d'accorder protection et garantie à la liberté religieuse. La mutation est logique ; elle s'est faite car aujourd'hui c'est le pluralisme des croyances qui mérite protection.Tout contrôle ne disparaît pas pour autant ; mais lorsqu'il n'existait qu'une seule religion et que celle-ci faisait corps avec l'État, il n'était pas nécessaire de « garantir » sa place dans le pays ; en revanche, il convenait d'assurer son accord avec le pouvoir étatique. Tant que le pluralisme n'était pas instauré, la finalité du contrôle était de permettre aux pouvoirs publics de pouvoir compter sur un soutien sans faille de la religion, de ses ministres et de ses fidèles.Dès lors que le pluralisme s'est instauré, un tel soutien ne peut plus être officiellement demandé ; parallèlement, la diversité des croyances implique la tolérance et l'État doit se faire protecteur des droits de chacun. Dans ce nouveau cadre, nombreux sont ceux qui proposent de faire de la laïcité une valeur universelle.Le projet n'est concevable qu'à condition de donner au terme de laïcité une définition très large et d'en faire pratiquement un synonyme de « liberté religieuse ». De fait, c'est la liberté religieuse sous tous ses aspects que les États et la communauté internationale doivent promouvoir.

Régime des cultes -- Europe --- Actes de congrès

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"In the wake of the protests that toppled regimes across the Middle East in 2011, Sudanese activists and writers have proudly cited their very own 'Arab Springs' of 1964 and 1985, which overthrew the country's first two military regimes, as evidence of their role as political pioneers in the region. Whilst some of these claims may be exaggerated, Sudan was indeed unique in the region at the time in that it witnessed not one but two popular uprisings which successfully uprooted military authoritarianisms. Civil Uprisings in Modern Sudan provides the first scholarly book-length history of the 1964 and 1985 uprisings. It explores the uprisings themselves, their legacy and the contemporary relevance they hold in the context of the current political climate of the Middle East. The book also contends that the sort of politics espoused by various kinds of Islamist during the uprisings can be interpreted as a form of early 'post-Islamism', in which Islamist political agendas were seen to be compatible with liberalism and democracy. Using interviews, Arabic language sources and a wealth of archival material, this book is an important and original study that is of great significance for scholars of African and Middle Eastern political history."--Bloomsbury Publishing.

Social change --- anno 1960-1969 --- anno 1980-1989 --- Sudan --- Regime change --- History --- Politics and government

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The proposition made in this thesis is the provision of a testable hypothesis that risk-adjusted abnormal returns are associated with a contrarian strategy that is induced by the low-interest rate environment. The monetarist and risk-taking channels of interest rate transition derive the proposition that an increased amount of private investors is pushed towards the stock markets. Therefore, the behavioristic model of Hong and Stein (1999) is adjusted for this circumstance. The assumption is made that this group of private investors increases the portion of “momentum traders” in the model; this leads to a pronounced momentum pattern that is followed by a trend reversal. The line of argumentation gives reason to believe that risk-adjusted abnormal returns are associated with this behavioral pattern. Hence, this would imply that this pattern is exploitable by a contrarian strategy. First, in the empirical analysis, a Markov regime-switching model for the German stock market is used to establish a link with the principal components that have been extracted from the interest rate yield curve. Then, an explorative portfolio analysis of this stock market finds the presence of the predicted contrarian effects. Contrary to the proposition of the theoretical model, this contrarian effect is explained by the market risk premium, size, and B/M ratio, and does not yield excess return. Nevertheless, the considered strategy is of interest, as it corresponds to investors’ search for yields within this low-interest rate environment.

Overreaction Hypothesis --- Contrarian Effect --- Markov Regime-Switching Model --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Finance

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Regime change --- Civil-military relations --- Changements anticonstitutionnels de gouvernement --- Relations pouvoir civil-pouvoir militaire --- Egypt --- Iran --- Turkey --- Politics and government --- Internal politics --- Social change --- Polemology

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Monarchie --- Culture politique --- Monarchie absolue --- Républicanisme --- État --- Ancien régime (France ; 16e siècle-18e siècle) --- 14e siècle-18e siècle --- Politique et gouvernement --- France