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This book deals with the theory and applications of the Reformulation- Linearization/Convexification Technique (RL T) for solving nonconvex optimization problems. A unified treatment of discrete and continuous nonconvex programming problems is presented using this approach. In essence, the bridge between these two types of nonconvexities is made via a polynomial representation of discrete constraints. For example, the binariness on a 0-1 variable x . can be equivalently J expressed as the polynomial constraint x . (1-x . ) = 0. The motivation for this book is J J the role of tight linear/convex programming representations or relaxations in solving such discrete and continuous nonconvex programming problems. The principal thrust is to commence with a model that affords a useful representation and structure, and then to further strengthen this representation through automatic reformulation and constraint generation techniques. As mentioned above, the focal point of this book is the development and application of RL T for use as an automatic reformulation procedure, and also, to generate strong valid inequalities. The RLT operates in two phases. In the Reformulation Phase, certain types of additional implied polynomial constraints, that include the aforementioned constraints in the case of binary variables, are appended to the problem. The resulting problem is subsequently linearized, except that certain convex constraints are sometimes retained in XV particular special cases, in the Linearization/Convexijication Phase. This is done via the definition of suitable new variables to replace each distinct variable-product term. The higher dimensional representation yields a linear (or convex) programming relaxation.
Nonconvex programming --- Programmation non convexe --- Programmation non convexe.
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Improvement of registration of non-profit organisations (NPOs) is a necessary precondition for strengthening the civil society and increasing its transparency and accountability. An easy and simple registration procedure, with no duplication of information and functioning automatic exchange of data, would allow the civic sector to concentrate on its substantive priorities. The registration of NPOs and its subsequent maintenance determines to a large extent the relations between those organisations and the state authorities and is an indicator of the will of decision makers to lighten excessive administrative burden and thus facilitate the civil sector's development. The concept offered and the recommendations for legislative changes provide support to institutions in achieving that aim.
Non-governmental organizations --- Non-governmental organizations --- Political aspects. --- History
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"Le Contrôle Non Destructif (CND) regroupe un large ensemble de méthodes permettant de contrôler un objet sans le modifier. Le diagnostic ne doit souffrir d'aucune ambiguïté, particulièrement dans le cadre de secteurs industriels sensibles comme le nucléaire ou l'aéronautique. Cet ouvrage présente de façon exhaustive les paramètres permettant de réaliser cette évaluation. Les conditions d'apparition et les caractéristiques des défauts potentiels sont exposées en détail, ainsi que les principes physiques, la technologie et les méthodes actuelles de CND, qu'elles soient courantes (ultrasons, radiographie, ...) ou spécifiques (ACFM...). Ce manuel décrit également les méthodes d'identification des facteurs susceptibles de dégrader les mesures et de fausser le diagnostic, ainsi la notion de "bruit de structure" est définie et les paramètres environnementaux sont introduits. Des solutions, notamment issues des progrès réalisés en modélisation des phénomènes et en optimisation par inversion, sont également proposées. L'ouvrage traite enfin des traitements a posteriori des informations obtenues (signal, image), et expose une nouvelle approche (RC-CND) montrant l'intérêt de la prise en compte de règles de CND dès la conception des structures. Cette synthèse sans équivalent présente plusieurs niveaux de lecture ; elle s'adresse ainsi tout autant aux professionnels et praticiens du domaine, pour qui elle constituera une référence précieuse et durable, qu'aux étudiants de licence, master ou doctorat, qui découvriront dans ces pages toute la richesse et le potentiel de cette discipline." [Source : 4e de couv.]
Non-destructive testing --- Materials --- Contrôle non destructif. --- Matériaux --- Testing --- Essais. --- Nondestructive testing. --- Essais --- Contrôle non destructif. --- Matériaux
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Political corruption --- Non-governmental organizations --- Africa, West.
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Non-governmental organizations --- Auditing. --- United States.
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