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In this unparalleled investigation, the author exposes the true extent of Western interference in the Middle East over the past one hundred years. Drawing on the examination of hundreds of leaked and declassified documents, and interviews with former officials, academics, journalists and activists, he shows how the region's most powerful actors have been manipulated by foreign players in a game that has given rise to dictators, sectarian wars, bloody counter-revolutions and the most brutal incarnation of extremism ever seen.

MIDDLE EAST--HISTORY --- MIDDLE EAST--FOREIGN RELATIONS

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This book focuses on the Eastern Crisis of 1839-41, closely examining the first instance of coordinated Western intervention in the Middle East during the modern era. Readers can explore topics such as how culture, domestic politics, and ideology shaped diplomacy in this landmark crisis, and the importance role played by religion - including, alongside mainstream Christianity, the Protestant Zionist movement. Highly informative and fully researched, this book suggests that the Eastern Crisis - and its associated diplomatic and military efforts - marked the first of many modern-era attempts to “improve” the region by moulding it in a Western image, providing scholars with a new perspective on this period of history.

History. --- Middle East --- World history. --- History of the Middle East. --- World History, Global and Transnational History. --- Liberalism --- History --- Liberal egalitarianism --- Liberty --- Political science --- Social sciences --- Middle East-History. --- Universal history --- Middle East—History.

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Written communication --- History --- Middle East --- Civilization --- Antiquities --- Archéologie. --- Inscriptions antiques --- Civilisation --- History. --- Antiquities. --- Written communication - Middle East - History --- Middle East - Civilization - To 622 --- Middle East - Antiquities --- Archéologie.

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This book argues that the history of colonial empires has been shaped to a considerable extent by negative emotions such as anxiety, fear and embarrassment as well as by the regular occurrence of panics. The case studies it assembles examine the various ways in which panics and anxieties were generated in imperial situations and how they shook up the dynamics between seemingly all-powerful colonizers and the apparently defenceless colonized. Drawing from examples of the British, Dutch and German colonial experience, the volume sketches out some of the main areas (such as disease, native ‘savagery’ or sexual transgression) that generated panics or created anxieties in colonial settings and analyses the most common varieties of practical, discursive and epistemic strategies adopted by the colonisers to curb the perceived threats. .

Imperialism --- Social aspects. --- Colonialism --- Empires --- Expansion (United States politics) --- Neocolonialism --- Political science --- Anti-imperialist movements --- Caesarism --- Chauvinism and jingoism --- Militarism --- History, Modern. --- Imperialism. --- Civilization-History. --- Social history. --- Middle East-History. --- Modern History. --- Imperialism and Colonialism. --- Cultural History. --- Social History. --- History of the Middle East. --- Descriptive sociology --- Social conditions --- Social history --- History --- Sociology --- Modern history --- World history, Modern --- World history --- Civilization—History. --- Middle East—History.

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This book provides an economic analysis of the earliest Islamic society, focusing on the policies of the Messenger of Islam (Sawa) and his successors during the first four formative decades of Islam. Two institutions of great importance – the market and the public treasury (Baitul Mal) – and their roles in the development of the private and public sectors are particularly emphasized in this study. The first part of the book is devoted to the economic and cultural dimensions of life in the Arabian Peninsula during the pre-Islamic period, including an analysis of trade and financial relationships with the Roman and Persian economies; the challenges faced by the Messenger’s mission and the economic policies of the Messenger after the migration to Madinah are also examined in detail. The author then moves on to a devoted analysis of the nature and functions of the public treasury, its revenues and expenditures, as well as financial and fiscal policies. Also examined is the role of the public sector in maintaining equilibrium in the financial and real sectors, as well as in promoting economic growth and employment. Analysis of the institution of the market, its characteristics, and its functions during the earliest Islamic period constitutes the third section of the book. The behaviors of consumers, producers, and investors in an economy without an interest rate mechanism are also addressed here. The final section investigates the fundamental objective of Islam for human societies – that is, justice – within the context of discussions in earlier parts of the book. The author uses historical economic data, facts, and evidences that are reported from the period, both prior to and after the establishment of the Islamic State, to explore the economic relations, policies, and models that were in practice and applied at that time.

History, Ancient. --- Economics --- Religious aspects --- Islam. --- Islam and economics --- Economics. --- Economic history. --- Middle East-History. --- Political Economy/Economic Systems. --- Economic History. --- History of the Middle East. --- Ancient History. --- Ancient history --- Ancient world history --- World history --- Mohammedanism --- Muhammadanism --- Muslimism --- Mussulmanism --- Religions --- Muslims --- Economic conditions --- History, Economic --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Social sciences --- Economic man --- Economic policy. --- Middle East—History. --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- National planning --- State planning --- Planning --- National security --- Social policy