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The knowledge of papermaking spread slowly over Italy from the start of the thirteenth century. Scholarly interest in the history of Italian paper manufacture has concentrated especially on the earliest period. Research into paper from the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries has lagged somewhat behind. Watermarks are extremely important for investigating the origins of paper. This book offers high quality x-rays and descriptions of circa three hundred Italian watermarks. A selection of paper produced in different areas of Italy is presented with an identification.

Watermarks --- Filigrains --- Marks in paper --- Water-marks --- Marks of origin --- History

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Commodity branding did not emerge with contemporary global capitalism. In fact, the authors of this volume show that the cultural history of branding stretches back to the beginnings of urban life in the ancient Near East and Egypt, and can be found in various permutations in places as diverse as the Bronze Age Mediterranean and Early Modern Europe. What the contributions in this volume also vividly document, both in past social contexts and recent ones as diverse as the kingdoms of Cameroon, Socialist Hungary or online eBay auctions, is the need to understand branded commodities as part of a

Material culture --- Manufactures --- Marks of origin --- Trademarks --- Branding (Marketing) --- History.

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Marks of origin --- Produce trade --- Conflict of laws --- Government policy --- Government policy --- Foreign trade regulation

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Marks of origin --- Labels --- Consumer goods --- Deceptive advertising --- Law and legislation --- Labeling --- Prevention.

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Marks of origin --- Labels --- Consumer goods --- Deceptive advertising --- Law and legislation --- Law and legislation --- Labeling --- Prevention.