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Introduction : Les batteries lithium-ion sont présentes dans la majorité de nos appareils Ces batteries contiennent des particules micrométriques contenant du Li et peuvent représenter un risque respiratoire, principalement pour les travailleurs. Peu d'études ayant été réalisées sur la toxicité pulmonaire du Li ou des particules de Li, nous avons évalué l'éventuelle toxicité pulmonaire de 3 particules couramment utilisées (LiFeP04 ou LFP, Li4Tis012 ou LTO, et LiCoO², ou LCO). Méthodes: Les particules de Li ont été caractérisées par diffraction laser, impacteur en cascade d'Andersen, powder tap density, microscopie électronique à balayage couplée à la spectroscopie à énergie dispersive {SEM/EDX) et par spectrométrie de masse à plasma à couplage inductif (ICP-MS). Des souris C57BL/6 ont été exposées par aspiration oro-pharyngée au LFP, LTO et LCO, à un sel de lithium soluble (LiCI) et à des particules de silice cristalline (contrôle positif). L'inflammation aiguë a été analysée après 18 h et 3 j, l'inflammation sub-chronique et la fibrose 2 m après l'exposition. La sécrétion d'interleukine (IL) -1j3 a été mesurée par méthode immuno-enzymatique dans le fluide des lavages broncho-alvéolaires ainsi que dans le surnageant de macrophages en culture exposés aux particules de Li. L'implication de /'/ L-1j3 dans la toxicité pulmonaire des particules a été investiguée avec des souris / L-1j3 déficientes. La bio accessibilité des éléments constitutifs et la bio persistance des particules ainsi que leur localisation pulmonaire ont respectivement été déterminées par /CP-MS et SEM/EDX.Résultats: La caractérisation des particules de Li a montré que les poudres contenaient une fraction de particules fines pouvant être inhalées. Des réponses inflammatoires ont été observées dans les poumons de_ souris 18 h et 3 j après exposition aux particules de Li mais pas au LiCI. La sécrétion de cytokines pro-inflammatoires, comme l'IL-1j3, a été augmentée après administration des particules. Après 2 m, de l'inflammation pulmonaire a également été observée chez les souris LFP et LCO. Le dosage du collagène pulmonaire et les analyses histologiques ont révélé la présence de fibrose uniquement dans les poumons des souris LCO. ln vitro, nous avons montré que les particules de Li et le LiCI induisent une augmentation de sécrétion d'IL-1j3 par les macrophages. L'inflammation pulmonaire était significativement réduite chez les souris IL-1j3 déficientes exposées au LFP et au LCO, tant dis que la fibrose observée avec le LCO n'était pas modifiée. L'analyse de la solubilisation des particules de Li a montré que le relargage des ions tels que le u+, le Fe'+ et le Co3+ est dépendant du pH et différent selon les particules. Des éléments constitutifs des particules de Li ont été détectés dans les poumons des souris après 2 m par SEM/EDX et du fer endogène a été co-localisé avec le Co dans les poumons des souris LCO (corps ferrugineux).Conclusions: Nous rapportons pour la première fois la différence de toxicité pulmonaire des particules de Li utilisées dans les batteries et concluons qu'elles peuvent représenter un danger si elles sont inhalées. Nous avons observé que les particules de Li, principalement le LFP et le LCO, peuvent déclencher des réactions inflammatoires, et que seul le LCO induit une réponse fibrotique. Nos résultats indiquent que l'IL-1j3 joue un rôle dans l'inflammation induite par le LFP et le LCO et suggèrent que le contenu en Li, Fe et Co des particules, ainsi que la formation de corps ferrugineux identifiés dans les poumons des souris LCO, pourraient participer à leur toxicité. Background: Lithium-ion batteries are found in most of our portable electronics and have a great potential for developing spray-paintable batteries. Micrometric U-containing particles are used in U­ ion batteries and may represent a health risk, mainly for workers via inhalation. Because the toxicity of lithium or Li-particles has been poorly investigated, we evaluated the possible lung toxicity of 3 types of commonly used Li-particles (LiFePo. or LFP, LI4.Ti5012 or LTO, and UCoO² or LCO). Methods: Particles were characterized by laser diffraction, Andersen cascade impactor, powder tap density, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDX) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (

Lithium --- Respiratory Tract Infections

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The Li-ion battery technology could help to accelerate the transition towards renewable energy sources. In the manufacturing chain, the electrode processing by slot die coating is one of the most crucial steps. Increased line speeds and reduced scrap rates could help decrease these costs. The scope of this work is therefore the scientific elaboration of the process limits of single and subdivided, simultaneous coated multilayer films, a minimizing of edge effects and intermittent coatings.

process windows --- coating --- lithium-ion batteries --- Dünnfilmtechnik --- Prozessfenster --- thin film technology --- Beschichtung --- Schlitzguss --- Lithium-ionen BatterienSlot die

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This book covers selected topics in different aspects of science and technology of alkali-ion batteries written by experts from international scientific community. Through the 9 chapters, the reader will have access to the most recent research and development findings on alkali-ion batteries through original research studies and literature reviews. This book covers inter-disciplinary aspects of alkali-ion batteries including new progress on material chemistry, micro/nano structural designs, computational and theoretical models and understanding of structural changes during electrochemical processes of alkali-ion batteries.

Alkali metals. --- Lithium ions. --- Alkali metal ions --- Light metals --- Semi-conductors & super-conductors

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The book focuses on the solid-state physics, chemistry and electrochemistry that are needed to grasp the technology of and research on high-power Lithium batteries. After an exposition of fundamentals of lithium batteries, it includes experimental techniques used to characterize electrode materials, and a comprehensive analysis of the structural, physical, and chemical properties necessary to insure quality control in production. The different properties specific to each component of the batteries are discussed in order to offer manufacturers the capability to choose which kind of battery should be used: which compromise between power and energy density and which compromise between energy and safety should be made, and for which cycling life. Although attention is primarily on electrode materials since they are paramount in terms of battery performance and cost, different electrolytes are also reviewed in the context of safety concerns and in relation to the solid-electrolyte interface. Separators are also reviewed in light of safety issues. The book is intended not only for scientists and graduate students working on batteries but also for engineers and technologists who want to acquire a sound grounding in the fundamentals of battery science arising from the interaction of electrochemistry, solid state materials science, surfaces and interfaces.

Mechanical Engineering - General --- Mechanical Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Lithium ion batteries. --- Lithium cells. --- Storage batteries. --- Accumulator batteries --- Accumulators, Electric --- Batteries, Storage --- Rechargeable batteries --- Secondary batteries --- Batteries, Lithium --- Cells, Lithium --- Cells, Lithium ion --- Electrochemical cells, Lithium ion --- LIBs (Lithium ion batteries) --- Li-ion batteries --- Lithium ion cells --- Lithium ion electrochemical cells --- Electric apparatus and appliances --- Electric power supplies to apparatus --- Electric batteries --- Storage batteries --- Chemistry. --- Surfaces (Physics). --- Nanotechnology. --- Energy Storage. --- Electrochemistry. --- Characterization and Evaluation of Materials. --- Solid State Physics. --- Molecular technology --- Nanoscale technology --- High technology --- Physics --- Surface chemistry --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Physical sciences --- Energy storage. --- Materials science. --- Solid state physics. --- Solids --- Material science --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Storage of energy --- Force and energy --- Power (Mechanics) --- Flywheels --- Pulsed power systems

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This book is a practical, up-to-date guide to the correct use of lithium for the short- and long-term treatment of mood disorders. Among the subjects addressed are the pharmacology and mechanisms of action of lithium, its use for maintenance treatment, the role of lithium in the treatment of mania and depression and in suicide prevention, further clinical indications, the administration of lithium during pregnancy and the postpartum period, and adverse effects and their management. Relevant background information is provided on the diagnosis, classification, and natural course of mood disorders, and an overview of other treatments for bipolar disorder and major depression is included. Lithium is the essential medication for patients with mood disorders. The evidence of its efficacy in maintenance treatment is acknowledged in all major international treatment guidelines for bipolar disorders and, when used correctly, lithium unquestionably produces the most dramatic benefits of any medication in psychopharmacology. This essential guide is written by two international experts in the treatment of mood disorders who have more than 25 years of experience in the use of lithium and have authored numerous scientific articles on lithium. .

Medicine. --- Psychopharmacology. --- Pharmacotherapy. --- Clinical psychology. --- Medicine & Public Health. --- Clinical Psychology. --- Lithium --- Therapeutic use. --- Psychology, clinical. --- Behavioral pharmacology --- Drugs --- Chemotherapy --- Pharmacology --- Psychotropic drugs --- Psychotropic effects --- Psychiatry --- Psychology, Applied --- Psychological tests --- Drug therapy --- Pharmacotherapy --- Therapeutics