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Low temperature plasmas. --- Low temperature engineering. --- Cryogenic engineering --- Cryogenics --- Engineering --- Low temperatures --- Cold plasmas --- Plasmas, Low temperature --- Plasma (Ionized gases)

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Gases industry -- History. --- Liquid oxygen. --- Gases industry --- Liquid oxygen --- LOX (Liquid oxygen) --- Oxygen, Liquid --- Explosives --- Liquefied gases --- Liquid air --- Oxygen at low temperatures --- Chemical industry --- History --- E-books --- History.

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This thesis presents an exact theoretical study of dynamical correlation functions in different phases of a two-dimensional quantum spin liquid. By calculating the dynamical spin structure factor and the Raman scattering cross section, this thesis shows that there are salient signatures—qualitative and quantitative—of the Majorana fermions and the gauge fluxes emerging as effective degrees of freedom in the exactly solvable Kitaev honeycomb lattice model. The model is a representative of a class of spin liquids with Majorana fermions coupled to Z2 gauge fields. The qualitative features of the response functions should therefore be characteristic for this broad class of topological states.

Electricity & Magnetism --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Quantum theory. --- Quantum liquids. --- Liquids, Quantum --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Low temperatures --- Quantum statistics --- Mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Magnetism. --- Strongly Correlated Systems, Superconductivity. --- Magnetism, Magnetic Materials. --- Quantum Field Theories, String Theory. --- Mathematical physics --- Electricity --- Magnetics --- Superconductivity. --- Superconductors. --- Magnetic materials. --- Quantum field theory. --- String theory. --- Models, String --- String theory --- Nuclear reactions --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Field theory (Physics) --- Quantum theory --- Relativity (Physics) --- Materials --- Superconducting materials --- Superconductive devices --- Cryoelectronics --- Electronics --- Solid state electronics --- Electric conductivity --- Critical currents --- Superfluidity

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This book enables the reader to learn the fundamental and applied aspects of practical cryostat design by examining previous design choices and resulting cryostat performance. Through a series of extended case studies the book presents an overview of existing cryostat design covering a wide range of cryostat types and applications, including the magnet cryostats that comprise the majority of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, space-borne cryostats containing sensors operating below 1 K, and large cryogenic liquid storage vessels. It starts with an introductory section on the principles of cryostat design including practical data and equations. This section is followed by a series of case studies on existing cryostats, describing the specific requirements of the cryostat, the challenges involved and the design choices made along with the resulting performance of the cryostat. The cryostat examples used in the studies are chosen to cover a broad range of cryostat applications and the authors of each case are leading experts in the field, most of whom participated in the design of the cryostats being described. The concluding chapter offers an overview of lessons learned and summarises some key hints and tips for practical cryostat design. The book will help the reader to expand their knowledge of many disciplines required for good cryostat design, including the cryogenic properties of materials, heat transfer and thermal insulation, instrumentation, safety, structures and seals.

Physics. --- Particle acceleration. --- Low temperature physics. --- Low temperatures. --- Thermodynamics. --- Heat engineering. --- Heat transfer. --- Mass transfer. --- Engineering design. --- Low Temperature Physics. --- Engineering Design. --- Engineering Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer. --- Particle Acceleration and Detection, Beam Physics. --- Cryostats. --- Cryostat --- Low temperature engineering --- Equipment and supplies --- Engineering. --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Acceleration (Mechanics) --- Nuclear physics --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Design, Engineering --- Engineering --- Industrial design --- Strains and stresses --- Acceleration --- Design --- Mass transport (Physics) --- Thermodynamics --- Transport theory --- Heat transfer --- Thermal transfer --- Transmission of heat --- Energy transfer --- Heat --- Mechanical engineering --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Dynamics --- Mechanics --- Physics --- Heat-engines --- Quantum theory --- Cryogenics --- Low temperature physics --- Temperatures, Low --- Temperature --- Cold

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This is a comprehensive textbook designed for graduate and advanced undergraduate students. Both authors rely on more than 20 years of teaching experience in renowned Physics Engineering courses to write this book addressing the students’ needs. Kinetics and Spectroscopy of Low Temperature Plasmas derives in a full self-consistent way the electron kinetic theory used to describe low temperature plasmas created in the laboratory with an electrical discharge, and presents the main optical spectroscopic diagnostics used to characterize such plasmas. The chapters with the theoretical contents make use of a deductive approach in which the electron kinetic theory applied to plasmas with basis on the electron Boltzmann equation is derived from the basic concepts of Statistical and Plasma Physics. On the other hand, the main optical spectroscopy diagnostics used to characterize experimentally such plasmas are presented and justified from the point of view of the Atomic and Molecular Physics. Low temperature plasmas (LTP) are partially ionized gases with a broad use in many technological applications such as microelectronics, light sources, lasers, biology and medicine. LTPs lead to the production of atomic and molecular excited states, chemically reactive radicals, and activated surface sites, which are in the origin, among others, of the deposition of thin films, advanced nanotechnology products, solar cells, highly efficient combustion motors, and treatment of cancer cells.

Physics. --- Plasma (Ionized gases). --- Low temperature physics. --- Low temperatures. --- Spectroscopy. --- Microscopy. --- Industrial engineering. --- Production engineering. --- Plasma Physics. --- Low Temperature Physics. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy. --- Industrial and Production Engineering. --- Manufacturing engineering --- Process engineering --- Management engineering --- Simplification in industry --- Analysis, Microscopic --- Light microscopy --- Micrographic analysis --- Microscope and microscopy --- Microscopic analysis --- Optical microscopy --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectroscopy --- Cryogenics --- Low temperature physics --- Temperatures, Low --- Gaseous discharge --- Gaseous plasma --- Magnetoplasma --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Engineering --- Value analysis (Cost control) --- Plasma (Ionized gases) --- Temperature --- Cold --- Industrial engineering --- Mechanical engineering --- Optics --- Spectrometry --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Interferometry --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Ionized gases --- Qualitative --- Analytical chemistry