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The history of livestock started with the domestication of their wild ancestors: a restricted number of species allowed to be tamed and entered a symbiotic relationship with humans. In exchange for food, shelter and protection, they provided us with meat, eggs, hides, wool and draught power, thus contributing considerably to our economic and cultural development. Depending on the species, domestication took place in different areas and periods. After domestication, livestock spread over all inhabited regions of the earth, accompanying human migrations and becoming also trade objects. This required an adaptation to different climates and varying styles of husbandry and resulted in an enormous phenotypic diversity. Approximately 200 years ago, the situation started to change with the rise of the concept of breed. Animals were selected for the same visible characteristics, and crossing with different phenotypes was reduced. This resulted in the formation of different breeds, mostly genetically isolated from other populations. A few decades ago, selection pressure was increased again with intensive production focusing on a limited range of types and a subsequent loss of genetic diversity. For short-term economic reasons, farmers have abandoned traditional breeds. As a consequence, during the 20th century, at least 28% of farm animal breeds became extinct, rare or endangered. The situation is alarming in developing countries, where native breeds adapted to local environments and diseases are being replaced by industrial breeds. In the most marginal areas, farm animals are considered to be essential for viable land use and, in the developing world, a major pathway out of poverty. Historic documentation from the period before the breed formation is scarce. Thus, reconstruction of the history of livestock populations depends on archaeological, archeo-zoological and DNA analysis of extant populations. Scientific research into genetic diversity takes advantage of the rapid advances in molecular genetics. Studies of mitochondrial DNA, microsatellite DNA profiling and Y-chromosomes have revealed details on the process of domestication, on the diversity retained by breeds and on relationships between breeds. However, we only see a small part of the genetic information and the advent of new technologies is most timely in order to answer many essential questions. High-throughput single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping is about to be available for all major farm animal species. The recent development of sequencing techniques calls for new methods of data management and analysis and for new ideas for the extraction of information. To make sense of this information in practical conditions, integration of geo-environmental and socio-economic data are key elements. The study and management of farm animal genomic resources (FAnGR) is indeed a major multidisciplinary issue.The goal of the present Research Topic is to collect contributions of high scientific quality relevant to biodiversity management, and applying new methods to either new genomic and bioinformatics approaches for characterization of FAnGR, to the development of FAnGR conservation methods applied ex-situ and in-situ, to socio-economic aspects of FAnGR conservation, to transfer of lessons between wildlife and livestock biodiversity conservation, and to the contribution of FAnGR to a transition in agriculture (FAnGR and agro-ecology).

Cattle --- Cattle --- Livestock --- Livestock --- Biodiversity. --- Genetics. --- Genome mapping. --- Conservation. --- Genetics. --- GIS --- Decision Making --- Farm animal genomic resources (FAnGR) --- Social Sciences --- Disease Resistance --- next generation sequencing --- conservation of genomic diversity --- data integration --- sustainable breeding --- Polygenic adaptive and economic traits

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The history of livestock started with the domestication of their wild ancestors: a restricted number of species allowed to be tamed and entered a symbiotic relationship with humans. In exchange for food, shelter and protection, they provided us with meat, eggs, hides, wool and draught power, thus contributing considerably to our economic and cultural development. Depending on the species, domestication took place in different areas and periods. After domestication, livestock spread over all inhabited regions of the earth, accompanying human migrations and becoming also trade objects. This required an adaptation to different climates and varying styles of husbandry and resulted in an enormous phenotypic diversity. Approximately 200 years ago, the situation started to change with the rise of the concept of breed. Animals were selected for the same visible characteristics, and crossing with different phenotypes was reduced. This resulted in the formation of different breeds, mostly genetically isolated from other populations. A few decades ago, selection pressure was increased again with intensive production focusing on a limited range of types and a subsequent loss of genetic diversity. For short-term economic reasons, farmers have abandoned traditional breeds. As a consequence, during the 20th century, at least 28% of farm animal breeds became extinct, rare or endangered. The situation is alarming in developing countries, where native breeds adapted to local environments and diseases are being replaced by industrial breeds. In the most marginal areas, farm animals are considered to be essential for viable land use and, in the developing world, a major pathway out of poverty. Historic documentation from the period before the breed formation is scarce. Thus, reconstruction of the history of livestock populations depends on archaeological, archeo-zoological and DNA analysis of extant populations. Scientific research into genetic diversity takes advantage of the rapid advances in molecular genetics. Studies of mitochondrial DNA, microsatellite DNA profiling and Y-chromosomes have revealed details on the process of domestication, on the diversity retained by breeds and on relationships between breeds. However, we only see a small part of the genetic information and the advent of new technologies is most timely in order to answer many essential questions. High-throughput single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping is about to be available for all major farm animal species. The recent development of sequencing techniques calls for new methods of data management and analysis and for new ideas for the extraction of information. To make sense of this information in practical conditions, integration of geo-environmental and socio-economic data are key elements. The study and management of farm animal genomic resources (FAnGR) is indeed a major multidisciplinary issue.The goal of the present Research Topic is to collect contributions of high scientific quality relevant to biodiversity management, and applying new methods to either new genomic and bioinformatics approaches for characterization of FAnGR, to the development of FAnGR conservation methods applied ex-situ and in-situ, to socio-economic aspects of FAnGR conservation, to transfer of lessons between wildlife and livestock biodiversity conservation, and to the contribution of FAnGR to a transition in agriculture (FAnGR and agro-ecology).

Cattle --- Cattle --- Livestock --- Livestock --- Biodiversity. --- GIS --- Decision Making --- Farm animal genomic resources (FAnGR) --- Social Sciences --- Disease Resistance --- next generation sequencing --- conservation of genomic diversity --- data integration --- sustainable breeding --- Polygenic adaptive and economic traits --- Genetics. --- Genome mapping. --- Conservation. --- Genetics. --- GIS --- Decision Making --- Farm animal genomic resources (FAnGR) --- Social Sciences --- Disease Resistance --- next generation sequencing --- conservation of genomic diversity --- data integration --- sustainable breeding --- Polygenic adaptive and economic traits

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• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Plant RNA– and DNA-viruses have small genomes and with this limited coding capacity exhibit a strong dependency on host cellular processes and factors to complete their viral life cycle. Various interactions of viral proteins or nucleic acids with host components (proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids and metabolites) evolved, which are essential for a successful systemic spread of viruses within the plant. For example, in plants, transport of endogenous macromolecules like proteins and nucleic acids occurs in a highly selective and regulated manner and viruses exploit these specifically controlled trafficking pathways. Research on plant virus movement is located at the interface of molecular plant virology and plant cell biology. The proposed book project aims to give an overview on the current state of this research and to highlight novel insights into the dynamic interplay between plant viruses and host cells. The book is intended for researchers in plant biology and virology and especially written for those who aim to understand cell biology of virus-plant interactions.

Cytology --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Plant viruses. --- Plants --- Disease and pest resistance. --- Phytopathogenic viruses --- Plant virology --- Disease resistance of plants --- Immunity (Plants) --- Pest resistance of plants --- Resistance of plants to disease --- Resistance of plants to pests --- Immunity --- Pest resistance --- Plant defenses --- Plant immunology --- Phytopathogenic microorganisms --- Viruses --- Virus diseases of plants --- Hardiness --- Cytology. --- Medical virology. --- Plant diseases. --- Cell Biology. --- Virology. --- Plant Pathology. --- Botany --- Communicable diseases in plants --- Crop diseases --- Crops --- Diseases of plants --- Microbial diseases in plants --- Pathological botany --- Pathology, Vegetable --- Phytopathology --- Plant pathology --- Vegetable pathology --- Agricultural pests --- Crop losses --- Diseased plants --- Plant pathologists --- Plant quarantine --- Medical microbiology --- Virology --- Virus diseases --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Pathology --- Diseases and pests --- Diseases --- Wounds and injuries --- Cell biology. --- Plant pathology. --- Microbiology