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This book explores the Energy Minimization Multi-scale (EMMS) theory and the drag model for heterogeneous gas-solid fluidized flows. The results show that the cluster density plays a critical role with regard to drag. A novel cluster model is proposed and indicates that the profile of cluster density is single-peaked with the maximum value located at solid concentrations of 0.1~0.15. The EMMS theory is improved with the cluster model and an accurate drag model is developed. The model’s universality is achieved by investigating the relationship between the heterogeneity and flow patterns. The drag model is subsequently verified numerically and experimentally.

Thermodynamics --- Mechanical Engineering - General --- Physics --- Mechanical Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Fluidization. --- Drag (Aerodynamics) --- Fluid bed processes --- Fluidized systems --- Aerodynamic forces --- Aerodynamic load --- Aerodynamics --- Air resistance --- Base flow (Aerodynamics) --- Lift (Aerodynamics) --- Bulk solids flow --- Fluid dynamics --- Engineering. --- Thermodynamics. --- Chemical engineering. --- Engineering Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer. --- Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering. --- Chemistry, Industrial --- Engineering, Chemical --- Industrial chemistry --- Engineering --- Chemistry, Technical --- Metallurgy --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Dynamics --- Mechanics --- Heat --- Heat-engines --- Quantum theory --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Heat engineering. --- Heat transfer. --- Mass transfer. --- Mass transport (Physics) --- Transport theory --- Heat transfer --- Thermal transfer --- Transmission of heat --- Energy transfer --- Mechanical engineering