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Biofilms. --- Microbial aggregation --- Microbial ecology

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Proteins suffer many conformational changes and interactions through their life, from their synthesis at ribosomes to their controlled degradation. Only folded and soluble proteins are functional. Thus, protein folding and solubility are controlled genetically, transcriptionally, and at the protein sequence level. In addition, a well-conserved cellular machinery assists the folding of polypeptides to avoid misfolding and ensure the attainment of soluble and functional structures. When these redundant protective strategies are overcome, misfolded proteins are recruited into aggregates. Recombinant protein production is an essential tool for the biotechnology industry and also supports expanding areas of basic and biomedical research, including structural genomics and proteomics. Although bacteria still represent a convenient production system, many recombinant polypeptides produced in prokaryotic hosts undergo irregular or incomplete folding processes that usually result in their accumulation as insoluble aggregates, narrowing thus the spectrum of protein-based drugs that are available in the biotechnology market. In fact, the solubility of bacterially produced proteins is of major concern in production processes, and many orthogonal strategies have been exploited to try to increase soluble protein yields. Importantly, contrary to the usual assumption that the bacterial aggregates formed during protein production are totally inactive, the presence of a fraction of molecules in a native-like structure in these assemblies endorse them with a certain degree of biological activity, a property that is allowing the use of bacteria as factories to produce new functional materials and catalysts. The protein embedded in intracellular bacterial deposits might display different conformations, but they are usually enriched in beta-sheet-rich assemblies resembling the amyloid fibrils characteristic of several human neurodegenerative diseases. This makes bacterial cells simple, but biologically relevant model systems to address the mechanisms behind amyloid formation and the cellular impact of protein aggregates. Interestingly, bacteria also exploit the structural principles behind amyloid formation for functional purposes such as adhesion or cytotoxicity. In the present research topic we collect papers addressing all the issues mentioned above from both the experimental and computational point of view.

protein aggregation --- bacterial chaperones --- Bacteria --- Functional amyloids --- protein expression --- Protein Folding --- Prion-like proteins

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This book presents articles at the interface of two active areas of research: classical topology and the relatively new field of geometric group theory. It includes two long survey articles, one on proofs of the Farrell–Jones conjectures, and the other on ends of spaces and groups. In 2010–2011, Ohio State University (OSU) hosted a special year in topology and geometric group theory. Over the course of the year, there were seminars, workshops, short weekend conferences, and a major conference out of which this book resulted. Four other research articles complement these surveys, making this book ideal for graduate students and established mathematicians interested in entering this area of research.

Mathematics. --- Group theory. --- Manifolds (Mathematics). --- Complex manifolds. --- Manifolds and Cell Complexes (incl. Diff.Topology). --- Group Theory and Generalizations. --- Group theory --- Analytic spaces --- Manifolds (Mathematics) --- Geometry, Differential --- Topology --- Groups, Theory of --- Substitutions (Mathematics) --- Algebra --- Math --- Science --- Cell aggregation --- Aggregation, Cell --- Cell patterning --- Cell interaction --- Microbial aggregation --- Manifolds and Cell Complexes.

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This book provides an accessible introduction to algebraic topology, a field at the intersection of topology, geometry and algebra, together with its applications. Moreover, it covers several related topics that are in fact important in the overall scheme of algebraic topology. Comprising eighteen chapters and two appendices, the book integrates various concepts of algebraic topology, supported by examples, exercises, applications and historical notes. Primarily intended as a textbook, the book offers a valuable resource for undergraduate, postgraduate and advanced mathematics students alike. Focusing more on the geometric than on algebraic aspects of the subject, as well as its natural development, the book conveys the basic language of modern algebraic topology by exploring homotopy, homology and cohomology theories, and examines a variety of spaces: spheres, projective spaces, classical groups and their quotient spaces, function spaces, polyhedra, topological groups, Lie groups and cell complexes, etc. The book studies a variety of maps, which are continuous functions between spaces. It also reveals the importance of algebraic topology in contemporary mathematics, theoretical physics, computer science, chemistry, economics, and the biological and medical sciences, and encourages students to engage in further study.

Mathematics. --- Group theory. --- K-theory. --- Topological groups. --- Lie groups. --- Algebraic topology. --- Manifolds (Mathematics). --- Complex manifolds. --- Algebraic Topology. --- Topological Groups, Lie Groups. --- Manifolds and Cell Complexes (incl. Diff.Topology). --- Group Theory and Generalizations. --- K-Theory. --- Groups, Lie --- Groups, Topological --- Groups, Theory of --- Substitutions (Mathematics) --- Math --- Topological Groups. --- Cell aggregation --- Topology --- Algebraic topology --- Homology theory --- Algebra --- Aggregation, Cell --- Cell patterning --- Cell interaction --- Microbial aggregation --- Continuous groups --- Analytic spaces --- Manifolds (Mathematics) --- Geometry, Differential --- Lie algebras --- Symmetric spaces --- Topological groups

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Ce livre des Éléments de mathématique est consacré à la Topologie algébrique. Les quatre premiers chapitres présentent la théorie des revêtements d'un espace topologique et du groupe de Poincaré. On construit le revêtement universel d'un espace connexe pointé délaçable et on établit l'équivalence de catégories entre revêtements de cet espace et actions du groupe de Poincaré. On démontre une version générale du théorème de van Kampen exprimant le groupoïde de Poincaré d'un espace topologique comme un coégalisateur de diagrammes de groupoïdes. Dans de nombreuses situations géométriques, on en déduit une présentation explicite du groupe de Poincaré. .

Geometry --- Mathematics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Categories (Mathematics) --- Algebra, Homological. --- Homological algebra --- Category theory (Mathematics) --- Algebra, Abstract --- Homology theory --- Algebra, Homological --- Algebra, Universal --- Group theory --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Topology --- Functor theory --- Algebraic topology. --- Algebra. --- Cell aggregation --- Group theory. --- Algebraic Topology. --- Category Theory, Homological Algebra. --- Manifolds and Cell Complexes (incl. Diff.Topology). --- Group Theory and Generalizations. --- Mathematics. --- Groups, Theory of --- Substitutions (Mathematics) --- Algebra --- Aggregation, Cell --- Cell patterning --- Cell interaction --- Microbial aggregation --- Mathematical analysis --- Category theory (Mathematics). --- Homological algebra. --- Manifolds (Mathematics). --- Complex manifolds. --- Analytic spaces --- Manifolds (Mathematics) --- Geometry, Differential