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This book covers selected topics in different aspects of science and technology of alkali-ion batteries written by experts from international scientific community. Through the 9 chapters, the reader will have access to the most recent research and development findings on alkali-ion batteries through original research studies and literature reviews. This book covers inter-disciplinary aspects of alkali-ion batteries including new progress on material chemistry, micro/nano structural designs, computational and theoretical models and understanding of structural changes during electrochemical processes of alkali-ion batteries.
Alkali metals. --- Lithium ions. --- Alkali metal ions --- Light metals --- Semi-conductors & super-conductors
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Michael Hauschild führt den Leser dieses essentials zurück zu den Anfängen des CERN, des Europäischen Forschungszentrums für Teilchenphysik bei Genf; einem der faszinierendsten Forschungszentren überhaupt, zu seiner Geschichte, zu seinen Menschen und seinen Beschleunigern. Der Autor erläutert die Funktionsweise von Teilchenbeschleunigern und wie ausgehend von den ersten Ideen schließlich der Large Hadron Collider LHC gebaut wurde, der größte Teilchenbeschleuniger der Welt und die heutige Weltmaschine. Nach einer Pause von mehr als zwei Jahren wurde der LHC im Frühjahr 2015 wieder in Betrieb genommen, um mit höherer Energie als je zuvor die Geheimnisse der Natur zu enträtseln. Der Inhalt Das CERN-Labor und die Beschleuniger Ein bisschen Physik – das Standardmodell Der erste Nobelpreis: die W- und Z0-Bosonen Teilchenbeschleuniger – wie geht das? Der Large Hadron Collider LHC Die Zielgruppen Wissenschaftlich interessierte Laien und Schüler Lehrende und Studierende des Studium Generale und der Naturwissenschaften Der Autor Michael Hauschild ist Teilchenphysiker am CERN in Genf und seit 2005 Mitglied des ATLAS Experiments am Large Hadron Collider LHC. Während der ersten langen Messperiode des LHC von 2010 bis 2012 hat er die Entdeckung des Higgs-Teilchens im Sommer 2012 unmittelbar miterlebt.
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Ionic solutions. --- Solutions, Ionic --- Ions --- Solution (Chemistry) --- Lipids --- Analysis. --- Ionic solutions --- Analysis
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MILS-16 provides an up-to-date review of the impact of alkali metal ions on life. Their bioinorganic chemistry and analytical determination, the solid state structures of bio-ligand complexes and the properties of alkali metal ions in solution in the context of all kinds of biologically relevant ligands are covered, this includes proteins (enzymes) and nucleic acids (G-quadruplexes). Minerals containing sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) are abundant in the Earth's crust, making Na+ and K+ easily available. In contrast, the alkali elements lithium (Li+), rubidium, and cesium are rare and the radioactive francium occurs only in traces. Since the intra- and extracellular, as well as the compartmental concentrations of Na+ and K+ differ significantly, homeostasis and active transport of these ions are important; this involves transporters/carriers and pore-forming ion channel proteins. Systems like Na+/K+-ATPases, H+/K+-ATPases or Na+/H+ antiporters are thoroughly discussed. The role of K+ in photosynthesis and the role of Na+ in charging the "battery of life" are pointed out. Also, the relationships between alkali metal ions and diseases (e.g., Parkinson or traumatic brain injury) are covered and the relevance of Li+ salts in medicine (pharmacology and mechanism) is reviewed. This and more is treated in an authoritative and timely manner in the 16 stimulating chapters of Volume 16, The Alkali Metal Ions: Their Role for Life, which are written by 44 internationally recognized experts from 12 nations. The impact of this vibrant research area is manifested in nearly 3000 references, over 30 tables and more than 150 illustrations (two thirds in color). MILS-16 also provides excellent information for teaching. Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel, and Roland K. O. Sigel have long-standing interests in Biological Inorganic Chemistry. Their research focuses on metal ion interactions with nucleotides and nucleic acids and on related topics. They edited previously 44 volumes in the series Metal Ions in Biological Systems.
Biochemistry. --- Biology - General --- Biochemistry --- Chemistry --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Metal ions. --- Alkali metals. --- Light metals --- Ions --- Biochemistry, general. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Composition
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This theses reports on an experimental search for an exotic hadron, Θ+(1540) pentaquark, which is a genuine exotic hadron with a five-quark system of uuddsbar. The results of this book support that the existence of Θ+ was strongly constrained. The Θ+ pentaquark was searched for via the π- p → K- X reaction using a beam momentum of 2.01 GeV/c at the J-PARC hadron experimental facility, taking advantage of high-statistics and high-resolution compared with previous experiments, some of which claimed the evidence of Θ+. In order to realize a good missing-mass resolution of 2 MeV, the beam spectrometer and superconducting kaon spectrometer were constructed. No clear peak was observed in the missing mass spectrum of the π- p → K- X reaction, and the upper limit of the production cross section was found to be less than 0.28 μb/sr at the 90% confidence level in a mass region of 1500–1560 MeV/c2. This upper limit is an order of magnitude smaller than that of the previous KEK experiment. Compared with a theoretical calculation using the effective Lagrangian approach, the decay width of Θ+ was evaluated. The upper limits on the decay width were estimated to be 0.36 and 1.9 MeV for the Θ+ spin-parity of 1/2+ and 1/2-, respectively. These are quite small for a width of ordinary hadron resonances, and the existence of Θ+ was strongly constrained and is doubtful.
Electricity & Magnetism --- Nuclear Physics --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Quarks. --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Partons --- Quark-gluon interactions --- Nuclear physics. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Measurement Science and Instrumentation. --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Heavy ions. --- Physical measurements. --- Measurement . --- Measuring --- Mensuration --- Mathematics --- Technology --- Metrology --- Physical measurements --- Measurements, Physical --- Mathematical physics --- Measurement --- Ions
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This thesis presents the first measurement of charmed D0 meson production relative to the reaction plane in Pb–Pb collisions at the center-of-mass energy per nucleon-nucleon collision of √sNN = 2.76 TeV. It also showcases the measurement of the D0 production in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The measurement of the D0 azimuthal anisotropy with respect to the reaction plane indicates that low- momentum charm quarks participate in the collective expansion of the high-density, strongly interacting medium formed in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions, despite their large mass. This behavior can be explained by charm hadronization via recombination with light quarks from the medium and collisional energy loss. The measurement of the D0 production in p–Pb collisions is crucial to separate the effect induced by cold nuclear matter from the final- state effects induced by the hot medium formed in Pb–Pb collisions. The D0 production in p–Pb collisions is consistent with the binary collision scaling of the production in pp collisions, demonstrating that the modification of the momentum distribution observed in Pb–Pb collisions with respect to pp is predominantly induced by final-state effects such as the charm energy loss.
Physics. --- Quantum field theory. --- String theory. --- Cosmology. --- Nuclear physics. --- Heavy ions. --- Hadrons. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Quantum Field Theories, String Theory. --- Mesons. --- Heavy electrons --- Mesotrons --- Ions --- Electrons --- Hadrons --- Muons --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Physics --- Models, String --- String theory --- Nuclear reactions --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Field theory (Physics) --- Quantum theory --- Relativity (Physics) --- Astronomy --- Deism --- Metaphysics
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This thesis offers an excellent, comprehensive introduction to the physics of the quark–gluon plasma. It clearly explains the connection between theory and experiment, making the topic accessible to non-specialists in this field. The experimental work, which contributes significantly to our understanding of the quark–gluon plasma, is described in great detail. The results described in the final chapters of the thesis provide interesting new ideas about the connection between proton-proton and Pb-Pb collisions. Simone Schuchmann received the 'ALICE Thesis Award 2016' for this excellent work. .
Physics. --- Cosmology. --- Nuclear physics. --- Heavy ions. --- Hadrons. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Quark-gluon plasma. --- Gluon-quark plasma --- Matter, Quark --- Plasma, Quark --- Quark matter --- Quark plasma --- Nuclear matter --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Physics --- Astronomy --- Deism --- Metaphysics --- Ions
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The book provides a generalized theoretical technique for solving the fewbody Schrödinger equation. Straight forward approaches to solve it in terms of position vectors of constituent particles and using standard mathematical techniques become too cumbersome and inconvenient when the system contains more than two particles. The introduction of Jacobi vectors, hyperspherical variables and hyperspherical harmonics as an expansion basis is an elegant way to tackle systematically the problem of an increasing number of interacting particles. Analytic expressions for hyperspherical harmonics, appropriate symmetrisation of the wave function under exchange of identical particles and calculation of matrix elements of the interaction have been presented. Applications of this technique to various problems of physics have been discussed. In spite of straight forward generalization of the mathematical tools for increasing number of particles, the method becomes computationally difficult for more than a few particles. Hence various approximation methods have also been discussed. Chapters on the potential harmonics and its application to Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) have been included to tackle dilute system of a large number of particles. A chapter on special numerical algorithms has also been provided. This monograph is a reference material for theoretical research in the few-body problems for research workers starting from advanced graduate level students to senior scientists.
Mathematical physics. --- Physics - General --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Mathematical physics --- Data processing. --- Nuclear physics. --- Numerical and Computational Physics, Simulation. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Mathematical Methods in Physics. --- Mathematical Physics. --- Physical mathematics --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Mathematics --- Physics. --- Heavy ions. --- Ions --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics
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This thesis reports on investigations of a specific collective mode of nuclear vibration, the isoscalar giant monopole resonance (ISGMR), the nuclear "breathing mode", the energy of which is directly related to a fundamental property of nuclei—the nuclear incompressibility. The alpha inelastic scattering experiments reported in this thesis have been critical to answering some fundamental questions about nuclear incompressibility and the symmetry energy, quantities that are crucial to our understanding of a number of phenomena in nuclear physics and astrophysics, including collective excitations in nuclei, radii of neutron stars, and the nature of stellar collapse and supernova explosions. The work described included three sets of experiments and subsequent sophisticated data analysis, both leading to results that have been welcomed by the community and recognised as important contributions to the field.
Electricity & Magnetism --- Nuclear Physics --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Nuclear physics. --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics. --- Heavy ions. --- Astrophysics. --- Mathematical physics. --- Physical mathematics --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Ions --- Mathematics
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This book shows how the study of multi-hadron production phenomena in the years after the founding of CERN culminated in Hagedorn's pioneering idea of limiting temperature, leading on to the discovery of the quark-gluon plasma -- announced, in February 2000 at CERN. Following the foreword by Herwig Schopper -- the Director General (1981-1988) of CERN at the key historical juncture -- the first part is a tribute to Rolf Hagedorn (1919-2003) and includes contributions by contemporary friends and colleagues, and those who were most touched by Hagedorn: Tamás Biró, Igor Dremin, Torleif Ericson, Marek Gaździcki, Mark Gorenstein, Hans Gutbrod, Maurice Jacob, István Montvay, Berndt Müller, Grazyna Odyniec, Emanuele Quercigh, Krzysztof Redlich, Helmut Satz, Luigi Sertorio, Ludwik Turko, and Gabriele Veneziano. The second and third parts retrace 20 years of developments that after discovery of the Hagedorn temperature in 1964 led to its recognition as the melting point of hadrons into boiling quarks, and to the rise of the experimental relativistic heavy ion collision program. These parts contain previously unpublished material authored by Hagedorn and Rafelski: conference retrospectives, research notes, workshop reports, in some instances abbreviated to avoid duplication of material, and rounded off with the editor's explanatory notes. About the editor: Johann Rafelski is a theoretical physicist working at The University of Arizona in Tucson, USA. Born in 1950 in Krakow, Poland, he received his Ph.D. with Walter Greiner in Frankfurt, Germany in 1973. Rafelski arrived at CERN in 1977, where in a joint effort with Hagedorn he contributed greatly to the establishment of the relativistic heavy ion collision, and quark-gluon plasma research fields. Moving on, with stops in Frankfurt and Cape Town, to Arizona, he invented and developed the strangeness quark flavor as the signature of quark-gluon plasma.
Nuclear physics. --- Heavy ions. --- Physics. --- Particle acceleration. --- History. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics. --- Particle Acceleration and Detection, Beam Physics. --- History of Science. --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Acceleration (Mechanics) --- Nuclear physics --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Ions --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Physics --- Acceleration
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