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This thesis presents the first experimental calibration of the top-quark Monte-Carlo mass. It also provides the top-quark mass-independent and most precise top-quark pair production cross-section measurement to date. The most precise measurements of the top-quark mass obtain the top-quark mass parameter (Monte-Carlo mass) used in simulations, which are partially based on heuristic models. Its interpretation in terms of mass parameters used in theoretical calculations, e.g. a running or a pole mass, has been a long-standing open problem with far-reaching implications beyond particle physics, even affecting conclusions on the stability of the vacuum state of our universe. In this thesis, this problem is solved experimentally in three steps using data obtained with the compact muon solenoid (CMS) detector. The most precise top-quark pair production cross-section measurements to date are performed. The Monte-Carlo mass is determined and a new method for extracting the top-quark mass from theoretical calculations is presented. Lastly, the top-quark production cross-sections are obtained – for the first time – without residual dependence on the top-quark mass, are interpreted using theoretical calculations to determine the top-quark running- and pole mass with unprecedented precision, and are fully consistently compared with the simultaneously obtained top-quark Monte-Carlo mass.

Physics. --- Quantum field theory. --- String theory. --- Elementary particles (Physics). --- Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory. --- Quantum Field Theories, String Theory. --- Quantum chromodynamics --- Quantum field theory --- Mathematical models. --- Data processing. --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Chromodynamics, Quantum --- QCD (Nuclear physics) --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Quantum electrodynamics --- Field theory (Physics) --- Quantum theory --- Relativity (Physics) --- Quantum theory. --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Physics --- Mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Models, String --- String theory --- Nuclear reactions --- Elementary particles (Physics) --- High energy physics --- Nuclear particles --- Nucleons --- Nuclear physics

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The purpose of this book is to give a systematic pedagogical exposition of the quantitative analysis of Wilson lines and gauge-invariant correlation functions in quantum chromodynamics. Using techniques from the previous volume (Wilson Lines in Quantum Field Theory, 2014), an ab initio methodology is developed and practical tools for its implementation are presented. Emphasis is put on the implications of gauge invariance and path-dependence properties of transverse-momentum dependent parton density functions. The latter are associated with the QCD factorization approach to semi-inclusive hadronic processes, studied at currently operating and planned experimental facilities. Contents:IntroductionParticle Number Operators in Quantum Mechanics and in Quantum Field TheoryGeometry of Quantum Field TheoriesBasics of Wilson Lines in QCDGauge-Invariant Parton DensitiesSimplifying Wilson Line CalculationsBrief Literature GuideConventions and Reference FormulaeIntegrationsBibliographyIndex

Quantum chromodynamics. --- Partons. --- Gauge invariance. --- Gauge fields (Physics) --- Fields, Gauge (Physics) --- Gage fields (Physics) --- Gauge theories (Physics) --- Field theory (Physics) --- Group theory --- Symmetry (Physics) --- Gage invariance --- Gauge transformations --- Invariance, Gauge --- Electromagnetism --- Transformations (Mathematics) --- Parton model --- Hadrons --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Quarks --- Chromodynamics, Quantum --- QCD (Nuclear physics) --- Quantum electrodynamics --- QCD factorization. --- Wilson lines and loops. --- gauge-invariance. --- parton density functions. --- perturbative calculations in QCD. --- transverse-momentum dependence.

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This book focuses on the study of heavy quarkonium production at high-energy colliders as a useful tool to explain both the perturbative and non-perturbative aspects of quantum choromodynamics. It provides the first comprehensive comparison between the theory and recent experiments and clarifies some longstanding puzzles in the heavy quarkonium production mechanism. In addition, it describes in detail a new framework for implementing precise computations of the physical observables in quantum field theories based on recently developed techniques. It can be used to simulate the complicated collider environment of the Large Hadron Collider at the Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN). Its accomplishment implies that the Monte Carlo simulations for high-energy physics experiments have reached the limits of precision. It offers readers a wealth of valuable information on the relevant techniques.

Physics. --- Quantum field theory. --- String theory. --- Nuclear physics. --- Heavy ions. --- Hadrons. --- Elementary particles (Physics). --- Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Quantum Field Theories, String Theory. --- Quantum chromodynamics. --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Chromodynamics, Quantum --- QCD (Nuclear physics) --- Field theory (Physics) --- Quantum theory --- Relativity (Physics) --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Quantum electrodynamics --- Quantum theory. --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Physics --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Models, String --- String theory --- Nuclear reactions --- Ions --- Elementary particles (Physics) --- High energy physics --- Nuclear particles --- Nucleons --- Nuclear physics