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Murtin examines the long-term causes of health improvements over the last two centuries. Focusing on the relative importance of income and education, Murtin finds that education alone accounts for the bulk of health improvements since 1870, and explains the strong correlation between longevity and income, which is highly correlated with education. Conversely, the book shows that progress in longevity has had dramatic consequences on societies, as it reduced fertility, triggered the spread of education, spurred economic growth, and improved 'prosperity' in a way that is comparable to the long-term rise in income. Health and Prosperity sheds light on the real cost of health systems in the 21st century.

Medical economics --- Health care reform --- Medical care --- Quality of Health Care --- Health Status Indicators --- Longevity --- Economic Development --- Health Services --- Health Surveys --- Physiological Phenomena --- Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Economics --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Health Services Administration --- Aging --- Health Care --- Phenomena and Processes --- Social Sciences --- Data Collection --- Growth and Development --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Physiological Processes --- Investigative Techniques --- Public Health --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Environment and Public Health --- Medical Economics --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Sciences - General --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Medical economics. --- Health care reform. --- Medical care. --- Delivery of health care --- Delivery of medical care --- Health care --- Health care delivery --- Health services --- Healthcare --- Medical and health care industry --- Medical services --- Personal health services --- Health reform --- Health system reform --- Healthcare reform --- Medical care reform --- Reform of health care delivery --- Reform of medical care delivery --- Economics, Medical --- Health --- Health economics --- Hygiene --- Medicine --- Economic aspects --- Medical policy --- Health insurance --- Public health --- Public finance. --- Schools of economics. --- Microeconomics. --- Macroeconomics. --- Health economics. --- Public Economics. --- Heterodox Economics. --- Macroeconomics/Monetary Economics//Financial Economics. --- Health Economics. --- Economics schools of thought --- Schools of economic thought --- Cameralistics --- Public finance --- Currency question --- Price theory --- Public finances

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This paper applies the Inclusive Growth framework to the OECD Regional Well-being Database in order to compute multidimensional living standards (MDLS) among OECD regions from the early 2000s to 2012. MDLS are based on the equivalent income approach, where, for different income groups, the monetised value of health status and unemployment are added to disposable income and aggregated with a generalised mean function to allow inequality to be taken into account. Results highlight that, due to the spatial concentration of good and bad outcomes, regional disparities are amplified when observed through the lens of MDLS as opposed to income-based regional disparities. The paper also shows that people living in metropolitan regions experienced, on average, higher levels of MDLS but also a sharper decline during the economic crisis. Growth of MDLS in metropolitan regions during this period was characterised by a higher contribution of life expectancy and a lower contribution of income inequality with respect to the other regions.

Economics

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We compute a distribution-adjusted welfare measure that aggregates outcomes in three dimensions of well-being, namely income, employment and longevity. Aggregation weights reflect preferences of people on these dimensions. The welfare measure is calculated for 26 OECD countries and selected emerging economies, and covers about three decades. Relying on a single theoretical model of a hypothetical representative agent, we combine life satisfaction regressions to capture the full welfare losses of unemployment with a calibration approach to capture the value of longevity. We test for robustness of results over a series of datasets and specifications and find that the resulting estimated shadow prices of (one percentage point of) unemployment and one year of longevity average 2% and 6% of income respectively. While we assume an identical utility function for all individuals, shadow prices of unemployment and longevity vary both across countries and within countries across income groups. We find that economic growth differs significantly from the growth of our welfare measure. The latter grew faster than GDP thanks to the gains that countries experienced on longevity, but was also more volatile due to changes in unemployment. Rising income inequality exerts a negative effect on our welfare measure. Gains in longevity have almost the same impact on welfare as income growth, while the long-term impact of employment was smaller.

Social Issues/Migration/Health --- Economics

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This paper investigates the impact of policies and institutions on health expenditures for a large panel of OECD countries for the period 2000-10. We use a set of 20 policy and institutional indicators developed by the OECD characterising the main supply-side, demand-side, and public management, coordination and financing features of health systems. The impact of these indicators is tested alongside control variables related to demographic (dependency ratio) and non-demographic (income, prices and technology) drivers of health expenditures per capita. Overall, there is a reasonably good fit between the expected signs of the coefficients for the institutional indicators and the actual estimates. By integrating the role of policies and institutions, together with the other primary determinants, our analysis is able to explain most of the cross-country variation in public health expenditures.

Economics

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This paper investigates the impact of policies and institutions on health expenditures for a large panel of OECD countries for the period 2000-10. We use a set of 20 policy and institutional indicators developed by the OECD characterising the main supply-side, demand-side, and public management, coordination and financing features of health systems. The impact of these indicators is tested alongside control variables related to demographic (dependency ratio) and non-demographic (income, prices and technology) drivers of health expenditures per capita. Overall, there is a reasonably good fit between the expected signs of the coefficients for the institutional indicators and the actual estimates. By integrating the role of policies and institutions, together with the other primary determinants, our analysis is able to explain most of the cross-country variation in public health expenditures.

Economics