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This book presents thermal field theory techniques, which can be applied in both cosmology and the theoretical description of the QCD plasma generated in heavy-ion collision experiments. It focuses on gauge interactions (whether weak or strong), which are essential in both contexts. As well as the many differences in the physics questions posed and in the microscopic forces playing a central role, the authors also explain the similarities and the techniques, such as the resummations, that are needed for developing a formally consistent perturbative expansion. The formalism is developed step by step, starting from quantum mechanics; introducing scalar, fermionic and gauge fields; describing the issues of infrared divergences; resummations and effective field theories; and incorporating systems with finite chemical potentials. With this machinery in place, the important class of real-time (dynamic) observables is treated in some detail. This is followed by an overview of a number of applications, ranging from the study of phase transitions and particle production rate computations, to the concept of transport and damping coefficients that play a ubiquitous role in current developments. The book serves as a self-contained textbook on relativistic thermal field theory for undergraduate and graduate students of theoretical high-energy physics. .
Physics. --- Mathematical physics. --- Thermodynamics. --- Cosmology. --- Elementary particles (Physics). --- Quantum field theory. --- Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory. --- Mathematical Physics. --- Mathematical Methods in Physics. --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Elementary particles (Physics) --- High energy physics --- Nuclear particles --- Nucleons --- Physical mathematics --- Physics --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Mathematics --- Quantum theory. --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Dynamics --- Heat --- Heat-engines --- Quantum theory --- Physical sciences --- Astronomy --- Deism --- Metaphysics --- Field theory (Physics) --- Relativity (Physics) --- Nuclear physics --- Particles (Nuclear physics)
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Deze paper onderzoekt de impact van de sluiting en sequentiële heropstart van enkele kerncentrales op de groothandelsprijzen voor elektriciteit op de Belgische elektriciteitsbeurs met behulp van een duale methode. In de eerste benadering worden publieke hoge-frequentiemarktgegevens gebruikt om een robuust statistisch model te ontwikkelen dat wordt ingezet om het effect te onderzoeken van variaties in nucleaire elektriciteitsopwekking op de groothandelsprijzen. Het kwantificeren van dit fenomeen, ook het merit-order effect genoemd, met behulp van econometrische methodes komt neer op een geschatte prijsdaling van gemiddeld ongeveer 10 €/MWh per jaar voor een nucleaire capaciteitsverhoging van 2,5 GW. Het belang en de impact van de openheid van de Belgische markt en haar sterke afhankelijkheid van grensoverschrijdende energie-uitwisselingen komt daarbij duidelijk naar voren. Naast deze empirische benadering wordt het optimalisatie-instrument Crystal Super Grid gebruikt om de impact te becijferen van de herwonnen beschikbaarheid van kernreactoren op tal van indicatoren die het Belgische en Europese elektriciteitslandschap kenmerken. Er is een positief effect merkbaar op de algemene welvaart, het consumentensurplus en de CO2-emissies. Voor de prijzen bevestigt deze analyse het negatieve merit-order effect dat gemiddeld 3,8 €/MWh over een jaar zou bedragen. Volgens deze analyse kunnen evenwel tijdelijke uurverschillen van 30 €/MWh optreden. De paper beschrijft vervolgens de mogelijke oorzaken van de verschillen tussen de twee benaderingen.Onze bevindingen hebben belangrijke beleidsimplicaties omdat ze aantonen dat er rekening moet worden gehouden met de neerwaartse impact van een verlengde nucleaire elektriciteitsopwekking op de groothandelsprijzen voor elektriciteit bij het herzien van (de kalender in) de wet op de kernuitstap aangezien deze de noodzakelijke overschakeling naar een koolstofarme economie kan vertragen.
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"Food Safety Basics helps readers trace the history of food safety, explore the science behind it, and discuss controversies from an objective viewpoint. The title will engage readers on the topic and help them to weigh the pros and cons as they make their own food decisions."--Publisher's website.
Food --- Safety measures.
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Covers the history of the Ebola virus, the devastating 2014 epidemic, and the quarantine controversies that captured national headlines, exploring how the fear of a disease can sometimes be as dangerous as the disease itself.--
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Les démarches biographiques ont connu un fort développement au cours des trente dernières années. Cela dans plusieurs domaines : en approche existentielle et narrative sur le mode individuel ou en collectif, dans le champ du travail et de la formation, mais aussi dans les différents champs du travail social.
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This research estimates the impact of international child sponsorship on adult income and wealth of formerly sponsored children using data on 10,144 individuals in six countries. To identify causal effects, an age-eligibility rule followed from 1980 to 1992 is utilized that limited sponsorship to children twelve years old or younger when the program was introduced in a village, allowing comparisons of sponsored children with older siblings who were slightly too old to be sponsored. Estimations indicate that international child sponsorship increased monthly income by USD 13-17 over an untreated baseline of USD 75, principally from inducing higher future labor market participation. Results show evidence for positive impacts on dwelling quality in adulthood and modest evidence of impacts on ownership of consumer durables in adulthood, limited to increased ownership of mobile phones. Finally, results point to modest effects of child sponsorship on childbearing in adulthood.
Child Sponsorship --- Childbearing --- Developing Countries --- Gender --- Gender & Law --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Income --- Labor Policies --- Population & Development --- Poverty Monitoring & Analysis --- Poverty Reduction --- Social Protections and Labor --- Wealth
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This research estimates the impact of international child sponsorship on adult income and wealth of formerly sponsored children using data on 10,144 individuals in six countries. To identify causal effects, an age-eligibility rule followed from 1980 to 1992 is utilized that limited sponsorship to children twelve years old or younger when the program was introduced in a village, allowing comparisons of sponsored children with older siblings who were slightly too old to be sponsored. Estimations indicate that international child sponsorship increased monthly income by USD 13-17 over an untreated baseline of USD 75, principally from inducing higher future labor market participation. Results show evidence for positive impacts on dwelling quality in adulthood and modest evidence of impacts on ownership of consumer durables in adulthood, limited to increased ownership of mobile phones. Finally, results point to modest effects of child sponsorship on childbearing in adulthood.
Child Sponsorship --- Childbearing --- Developing Countries --- Gender --- Gender & Law --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Income --- Labor Policies --- Population & Development --- Poverty Monitoring & Analysis --- Poverty Reduction --- Social Protections and Labor --- Wealth
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