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From 1940 to 1970, nearly four million black migrants left the American rural South to settle in the industrial cities of the North and West. Competition in the Promised Land provides a comprehensive account of the long-lasting effects of the influx of black workers on labor markets and urban space in receiving areas.Traditionally, the Great Black Migration has been lauded as a path to general black economic progress. Leah Boustan challenges this view, arguing instead that the migration produced winners and losers within the black community. Boustan shows that migrants themselves gained tremendously, more than doubling their earnings by moving North. But these new arrivals competed with existing black workers, limiting black-white wage convergence in Northern labor markets and slowing black economic growth. Furthermore, many white households responded to the black migration by relocating to the suburbs. White flight was motivated not only by neighborhood racial change but also by the desire on the part of white residents to avoid participating in the local public services and fiscal obligations of increasingly diverse cities.Employing historical census data and state-of-the-art econometric methods, Competition in the Promised Land revises our understanding of the Great Black Migration and its role in the transformation of American society.

African Americans --- Migration, Internal --- Rural-urban migration --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Negroes --- Africans --- Ethnology --- Blacks --- Cities and towns, Movement to --- Country-city migration --- Migration, Rural-urban --- Rural exodus --- Rural-urban relations --- Urbanization --- Migrations --- History --- Economic conditions --- Social conditions --- E-books --- Black people --- HISTORY / Social History. --- HISTORY / United States / 20th Century. --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Development / General. --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Labor. --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Economic History. --- American society. --- Civil War. --- Great Black Migration. --- Latin America. --- World War I. --- birth cohorts. --- black arrivals. --- black community. --- black economic growth. --- black economy. --- black in-migration. --- black migrants. --- black migration. --- black residents. --- black southerner mobility. --- black workers. --- earnings convergence. --- earnings growth. --- earnings penalty. --- economic advancement. --- employment. --- family backgrounds. --- fiscal changes. --- housing prices. --- industrial cities. --- industrial jobs. --- labor market competition. --- labor markets. --- market discrimination. --- new migration wave. --- northern employers. --- northern factories. --- northern housing markets. --- northern labor. --- political changes. --- pre-market discrimination. --- property tax rates. --- public goods. --- southern blacks. --- suburban units. --- suburbanization. --- wage losses. --- white departures. --- white flight. --- white relocation. --- white-collar workers. --- young migrants.

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The United States has long been perceived as a land of opportunity for immigrants. Yet, both in the past and today, US natives have expressed concern that immigrants fail to integrate into US society and lower wages for existing workers. This paper reviews the literatures on historical and contemporary migrant flows, yielding new insights on migrant selection, assimilation of immigrants into US economy and society, and the effect of immigration on the labor market.

Zonder onderwerpscode: economie

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We compile large datasets from Norwegian and US historical censuses to study return migration during the Age of Mass Migration (1850-1913). Return migrants were somewhat negatively selected from the migrant pool: Norwegian immigrants who returned to Norway held slightly lower-paid occupations than Norwegian immigrants who stayed in the US, both before and after moving to the US. Upon returning to Norway, return migrants held higher-paid occupations than Norwegians who never moved, despite hailing from poorer backgrounds. They were also more likely to get married after return. These patterns suggest that despite being negatively selected, return migrants were able to accumulate savings and improve their economic circumstances once they returned home.

Zonder onderwerpscode: economie

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We compile large datasets from Norwegian and US historical censuses to study return migration during the Age of Mass Migration (1850-1913). Return migrants were somewhat negatively selected from the migrant pool: Norwegian immigrants who returned to Norway held slightly lower-paid occupations than Norwegian immigrants who stayed in the US, both before and after moving to the US. Upon returning to Norway, return migrants held higher-paid occupations than Norwegians who never moved, despite hailing from poorer backgrounds. They were also more likely to get married after return. These patterns suggest that despite being negatively selected, return migrants were able to accumulate savings and improve their economic circumstances once they returned home.