Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Women, business and the law examines where economies provide legal protection for women and girls in areas such as child marriage, domestic violence, and marital rape. It also collects data on remedies, such as the existence and scope of protection orders for victims of domestic violence. Violence thwarts women's economic empowerment by limiting their ability to exercise agency and make choices. Violence against women and girls both reflects and reinforces inequalities between women and men. Where a girl can be legally married before she turns 18, she has less opportunity to make choices about her future. Where a woman suffers abuse from her husband, her health and psychological well-being are threatened and her capacity to work and function socially are impaired. If she is not able to work, she is forced into a subordinate position, both psychologically and economically, and the cycle of violence persists. Legal protection is crucial to reduce impunity and open avenues for redress. Yet Women, Business and the Law finds persisting gaps in laws protecting women from violence. Countries are increasingly protecting girls and women from violence. For example, between 2013 and 2015, Kenya, Luxembourg, Nicaragua, and Uruguay all raised the age of marriage for girls. Tonga's 2013 Family Protection Act explicitly criminalizes marital rape. Georgia has amended its criminal code to expand the grounds of liability for domestic crimes, including rape, to spouses and other family members. Moreover, it reformed the Law on the Elimination of Domestic Violence to provide for removal of the perpetrator from the home. In its new penal code, Mozambique has amended Article 400, which had been in place since 1886 and allowed charges to be dropped if a rapist married his victim. And Belarus, Lebanon, Papua New Guinea, and Tonga adopted new laws on domestic violence that provide for protection orders. While there has clearly been progress, major gaps still need to be addressed. That Malawi and 8 other economies have raised the marital age shows movement in a positive direction. The adoption in the past 2 years of new domestic violence laws in some economies and more comprehensive provisions in others worldwide is also a telling indication of progress. But more is needed. Among the priorities of the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are 'eliminating all forms of violence against women and girls in the public and private spheres' and 'eliminating all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage,' which recognize the need for enhanced legal protection for girls and women worldwide. International and regional commitments and instruments pave the way for change. And while the existence of more and better laws is a critical first step, better enforcement of the law is necessary to ensure protection for women. Only when women and girls are fully protected from violence will they be able to enjoy the same autonomy, freedom, and opportunities as men.

Domestic Violence --- Gender --- Gender and Social Policy --- Law and Development --- Social Conflict and Violence --- Social Development --- Violence Against Women

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This book offers a comprehensive guide to the international policies developed to stop rape, together with case studies on their effectiveness in practice. Engaging with the legal and criminal justice systems, health services, specialised services for victim-survivors, educational and cultural outreach, and more, it brings together both theory and real-world evidence to build a thorough picture of worldwide efforts to fight rape in all its contexts.

Rape --- Rape victims --- Rape as a weapon of war. --- Prevention. --- Services for --- stopping --- policy --- comprehensive --- rape --- towards --- Criminal justice --- Domestic violence --- Health care --- Sexual assault --- Sexual violence --- Violence against women

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This regional study is focused on the prevention and combat of violence against children through the internet in Latin American countries in order to illuminate problems shared by the different countries, identify the gaps in legislation, and highlight good practices in the prevention and protection of minor victims of online sexual exploitation. Framed by international and regional standards on the protection of children from online exploitation, this regional study consists of an analysis of national legislation, regulation, and private and public policy responses to protect children from violence and sexual abuse through the use of the internet and new media and technologies. The analysis reviewed constitutions and domestic laws assessing their compliance with international instruments and verifying the progress made in harmonizing with international patterns. This regional study is focused on child abuse images (CAI), more commonly identified as child pornography, and online grooming, cyberbullying, and sexting, which are the most common offenses perpetrated online that threaten a child's right to a healthy life and sexual dignity. It takes into account research and studies related to the use and misuse of information and communication technologies (ICTs), official statistics related to crimes committed against children through the internet, and the use of ICTs by children, specifically reports produced by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Council of Europe (CoE), United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF), End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes (ECPAT), and the International Centre for Missing and Exploited Children (ICMEC). Doctrine and interviews with national authorities dealing directly with these issues were also considered.

Abortion --- Case Law --- Child Abuse --- Children --- Children and Youth --- Civil Rights --- Corruption --- Corruption & anticorruption Law --- Courts --- Disabilities --- Discrimination --- Domestic Violence --- Equality --- Family --- Females --- Gender --- Human Rights --- Inequality --- International Law --- Law and Development --- Legal Aid --- Liberty --- Literacy --- Marriage --- Pregnancy --- Prison --- Privacy --- Property Rights --- Prostitution --- Public Sector Development --- Sanctions --- Sexual Harassment --- Social Development --- Suffrage --- Violence Against Women --- War Crimes --- Women

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This report is about women in Morocco who continue to face obstacles in social, economic, and political participation. These obstacles are a result of discriminatory legislative frameworks, social norms that restrict legal rights, and limited economic participation. Women's economic participation in Morocco was at 26 percent which is among the lowest in the world, and has not changed since 1990. The ultimate objective is to promote women's empowerment as a means to achieve a more inclusive, open, and prosperous society. This report is arranged as follows :(a) chapter one will present the progress thus far and the remaining important challenges for women in Morocco.; (b) chapters two and three focus on economic empowerment and employment outcomes and on the remaining legislative and or social discrimination that continue to restrict women agency in chapter four; and (c) chapter five will conclude by presenting some key areas of strategic intervention for the government and other development actors which are not only of greater potential impact but also a prerequisite for women's agency and empowerment. The main findings in the report are as follows: (i) unequal access to education and resources continue to hinder women's human development progress; (ii) gender segregation in terms of employment is pervasive, with women mostly working in low productivity sectors; (iii) demographic factors and social norms also affect women's decisions to join the labor force; (iv) only fifteen percent of women in urban areas are employed, against sixty two percent of men, and this gap has remained virtually unchanged in the past; (vi) there is a substantial wage gap between men and women, even when controlling for education and professions; and (vii) traditional explanations for Female Labor Force Participation (FLFP) long-term trends account only partially for Morocco's observed outcomes. Agency has a role, often a strong one, in contributing to women's human development and economic opportunities, and opening opportunities for greater participation in social and political life. Despite important reforms, gaps remain in the legal framework, negatively impacting economic, social, and political development for women. The main conclusions and recommendations are follows: (a) much has been done but much remains to be done to improve women's access to economic opportunities and individual empowerment; (b) women can actively contribute to Morocco's economic growth only if the remaining barriers that still prevent women from working in high productivity sectors are removed; (c) removing regulatory barriers and easing the access to credit for female entrepreneurs is key to creating more jobs; (d) further reforms of the Labor code could be designed taking into account specific obstacles to women's economic participation; (e) government action to level the playing field across the lifecycle would strengthen women's opportunities and ultimately socio-economic outcomes; (f) the Goverment of Morocco (GoM) has taken considerable steps in closing gender equality gaps in law, but action is needed to ensure consistency throughout legislative frameworks; and (g) mainstreaming gender into policy action is key to achieving gender equality and women empowerment.

Access to Education --- Access to Finance --- Access to Health Services --- Child Care --- Child Health --- Child Rearing --- Developing Countries --- Discrimination --- Divorce --- Domestic Violence --- Economic Management --- Economic Opportunities --- Employment Opportunities --- Family Responsibilities --- Fertility --- Fertility Rates --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Foreign Direct Investment --- Gender --- Gender Issues --- Gross Domestic Product --- Gross National Income --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Household Size --- Human Capital --- Infant Mortality --- Inheritance --- Knowledge --- Life Expectancy --- Living Standards --- Marriage --- Maternal Health --- Maternal Mortality --- Mortality --- Mortality Rate --- Nurses --- Population --- Population Policies --- Pregnancy --- Prenatal Care --- Primary Education --- Public Opinion --- Purchasing Power --- Purchasing Power Parity --- Reproductive Health --- Respect --- Rural Population --- School Attendance --- Secondary Education --- Sexual Harassment --- Social Change --- Social Dev/Gender/Inclusion --- Social Development --- Social Norms --- Stages of Life --- Tertiary Education --- Unemployment --- Urban Areas --- Urban Population --- Violence Against Women --- Women

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Social norms affect almost every aspect of people's lives, and can be an obstacle to or support economic development. This paper outlines what social norms are and how they work, providing examples from everyday life and from development case studies. Sometimes not much can be done about changing undesirable social norms. In those cases, development economists need to be aware of how the existence of those norms can impact the effects of the policies they advocate. But of particular importance to development economists is the ways in which social norms can be changed, at least under some circumstances. Understanding of social norm change is still patchy at best, but the paper outlines the theoretical underpinnings of change, with empirical evidence from various policies aimed at changing social norms. However, some of those policies raise ethical concerns that would require attention.

Abuse --- Access to finance --- Adoption --- Alcohol --- Altruism --- Anthropologist --- Anthropology --- Beliefs --- Child care --- Child-rearing --- Circumcision --- Civil war --- Condom --- Condoms --- Cooperation --- Cultural differences --- Culture & development --- Cultures --- Developing countries --- Development efforts --- Development policy --- Discrimination --- Domestic violence --- Drugs --- Economic growth --- Education of women --- Employment opportunities --- Ethics --- Ethics & belief systems --- Ethnicity --- Ethnographic evidence --- Ethnography --- Exogamy --- Family members --- Fatherhood --- Female "circumcision" --- Female genital cutting --- Female genital mutilation --- Female sexuality --- Gender --- Gender & social development --- Gender equality --- Gender norms --- Gender relations --- Gender roles --- Genital cutting --- Girls --- Health impact --- Health, nutrition and population anthropology --- Household income --- Household work --- Households --- Human behavior --- Human behaviour --- Husbands --- Impact on children --- Land tenure --- Living-standards --- Machismo --- Mandates --- Masculinity --- Maternity leave --- Media --- Modernization --- Moral norms --- Morality --- Mother --- Mutilation --- Ownership of land --- Parental leave --- Participatory process --- Peace --- Peer pressure --- Policy-makers --- Political change --- Population policies --- Pregnancies --- Principles --- Property --- Property rights --- Public policy --- Public service --- Religion --- Ritual --- Role models --- Rural communities --- Safe sex --- Sex --- Sexual violence --- Sexuality --- Smarriage --- Soap operas --- Social change --- Social development --- Social group --- Social inequality --- Social information --- Social interactions --- Social issues --- Social life --- Social marketing --- Social meanings --- Social norms --- Social policy --- Social practice --- Social pressure finance and financial sector development --- Social psychology --- Social security --- Social status --- Societies --- Sociobiology --- Substance abuse --- Taboo --- Teenagers --- Television network --- Unplanned pregnancies --- Violence against women --- War --- Women --- Young men --- Young people --- Young women