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"The Romans developed sophisticated methods for managing hygiene, including aqueducts for moving water from one place to another, sewers for removing used water from baths and runoff from walkways and roads, and public and private latrines. Through the archeological record, graffiti, sanitation-related paintings, and literature, Ann Olga Koloski-Ostrow explores this little-known world of bathrooms and sewers, offering unique insights into Roman sanitation, engineering, urban planning and development, hygiene, and public health. Focusing on the cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Ostia, and Rome, Koloski-Ostrow's work challenges common perceptions of Romans' social customs, beliefs about health, tolerance for filth in their cities, and attitudes toward privacy. In charting the complex history of sanitary customs from the late republic to the early empire, Koloski-Ostrow reveals the origins of waste removal technologies and their implications for urban health, past and present"--Provided by publisher.

Sanitary engineering --- Sanitation --- Public toilets --- Sewerage --- Water-supply --- City and town life --- City planning --- Public health --- History. --- Italy --- Antiquities, Roman --- Social life and customs

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This paper analyzes the socioeconomic, fiscal, and governance impact of gold mining in Mali. The analysis finds that, at the national level, mining plays an important role by contributing to export earnings and overall government fiscal revenue. In 2013, the mining sector represented 7 percent of gross domestic product, contributed 1.5 percent to growth in total gross domestic product, and accounted for 65 percent of total export earnings and 25 percent of total government budget revenues. At the local level, despite higher population growth, there is some evidence that outcomes (poverty and infrastructure services) are marginally better in mining communes compared with non-mining communes. Local governments receive fiscal windfalls that are spent significantly on education capital expenditures and current expenditures (salaries and non-salaries). Non-salary current expenditures are 10 times higher in mining areas. Analysis of the political economy of public service provision at the local level suggests that technical or absorptive capacities may be the bottleneck to increasing the local benefit of mining instead of corruption or accountability.

Debt markets --- Finance and financial sector development --- Governance --- Local impact --- Macroeconomics and economic growth --- Natural resources --- Sanitation and sewerage --- Wastewater treatment --- Water supply and sanitation --- Welfare

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Much of eastern England is below sea level, resulting in wide swathes of marshland that are easily flooded. In the seventeenth century, the Bedford Level Corporation was set up by Francis Russell, fourth earl of Bedford, in order to manage the drainage of the Great Level of the Fens, which became known as the Bedford Level and is the largest region of fenland in eastern England. Between 1828 and 1830, Samuel Wells, the corporation's registrar, published his well-documented history of the Bedford Level and the attempts made at various points to clear it of water using a variety of methods, from earthworks raised by the Romans to the strategies of Sir Cornelius Vermuyden and the eventual introduction of steam-powered technology. Volume 2, published in 1828, contains the necessary documents and appendices for the proper understanding of Volume 1, which appeared two years later.

Drainage --- Reclamation of land --- History. --- Bedford Level Corporation. --- Bedford Level (England) --- Land, Reclamation of --- Land melioration --- Land reclamation --- Melioration of land --- Land use --- Shore protection --- Land drainage --- Agricultural engineering --- Hydraulic engineering --- Sanitary engineering --- Sewerage

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"The Romans developed sophisticated methods for managing hygiene, including aqueducts for moving water from one place to another, sewers for removing used water from baths and runoff from walkways and roads, and public and private latrines. Through the archeological record, graffiti, sanitation-related paintings, and literature, Ann Olga Koloski-Ostrow explores this little-known world of bathrooms and sewers, offering unique insights into Roman sanitation, engineering, urban planning and development, hygiene, and public health. Focusing on the cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Ostia, and Rome, Koloski-Ostrow's work challenges common perceptions of Romans' social customs, beliefs about health, tolerance for filth in their cities, and attitudes toward privacy. In charting the complex history of sanitary customs from the late republic to the early empire, Koloski-Ostrow reveals the origins of waste removal technologies and their implications for urban health, past and present"--Provided by publisher.

Sanitary engineering --- Sanitation --- Public toilets --- Sewerage --- Water-supply --- City and town life --- City planning --- Public health --- Technique sanitaire --- Salubrité publique --- Toilettes publiques --- Egouts --- Eau --- Vie urbaine --- Urbanisme --- Santé publique --- History --- Histoire --- Approvisionnement --- Italy --- Italie --- Antiquities, Roman --- Social life and customs --- Antiquités romaines --- Moeurs et coutumes --- Salubrité publique --- Santé publique --- Antiquités romaines --- History. --- Sanitary engineering - Rome - History --- Sanitation - Rome - History --- Public toilets - Rome - History --- Sewerage - Rome - History --- Water-supply - Rome - History --- City and town life - Rome - History --- City planning - Rome - History --- Public health - Rome - History --- Italy - Antiquities, Roman --- Italy - Social life and customs - To 1500

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The city of Kampala has undergone a period of rapid urbanization that has contributed to the degradation of the city's natural environment. The urban environmental profile for Kampala has been prepared as the first component of the assignment promoting green urban development in Africa: enhancing the relationship between urbanization, environmental assets, and ecosystem services, a project being conducted under the leadership of the World Bank. An overall objective of this project is to link the study of urban environmental issues with the advancement of more sustainable urban growth. The profile summarizes the existing quality of the wetlands and other aquatic and terrestrial environmental assets, identifies the key drivers that are the cause of their vulnerability, and describes the key institutional challenges and constraining factors that limit the city's ability to address environmental management challenges. Identification of the key environmental assets and key drivers of environmental degradation within the city required a more comprehensive review of reports on urban planning and infrastructure services. The city has recently made progress in the development of key infrastructure systems such as solid waste management and sanitation. The report is organized as follows: section one gives introduction. Section two sets the background and context for Kampala, providing an overview of the impacts of rapid urbanization and climate change, drawing linkages to urban environmental assets. Section three, quality of the environmental assets of Kampala describes the state of the key environmental assets, including the terrestrial assets, aquatic assets, and air quality, and attempts to infer the associated historic and current trends. Section four, drivers of environmental vulnerability and degradation describes the key issues that are driving degradation and the impacts caused. Section five, institutional issues and challenges describes the key factors that constrain Kampala's ability to effectively address environmental management challenges. Section six, provides a synthesis of key findings.

Agriculture --- Air Pollution --- Air Quality --- Analysis --- Audits --- Biodiversity --- Carbon Dioxide --- Climate --- Climate Change --- Crops --- Decentralization --- Deforestation --- Drainage --- Drinking Water --- Economic Development --- Ecosystems --- Emissions --- Environment --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Environmental Policy --- Erosion --- Floods --- Forests --- Groundwater --- Housing --- Incentives --- Invasive Species --- Lakes --- Land --- Land Management --- Natural Resources --- Plants --- Pollutants --- Population Growth --- Precipitation --- Public Health --- Public Sector Governance --- Rainfall --- Recycling --- Reservoirs --- Risk Management --- Runoff --- Sanitation and Sewerage --- Streams --- Transport --- Waste Management --- Wastewater Treatment --- Water Pollution --- Water Resources --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Wetlands