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Sand and gravel mines and mining --- Sand and gravel industry

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This book draws together a series of studies of spit geomorphology and temporal evolution from around the world. The volume offers some unique insights into how these landforms are examined scientifically and how we as humans impact them, offering a global perspective on spit genesis and evolution. Spits are unique natural environments whose evolution is linked to the adjacent coast and nearshore morphology, sediment supply, coastal dynamics and sea-level change. Over the past century, Global Mean Sea Level (GMSL) has risen by 10 to 20 centimetres and many coastal spits represent the first sentinel against coastal submersion. Scientific research indicates that sea levels worldwide have been rising at a rate of 3.5 millimetres per year since the early 1990s, roughly twice the average speed of the preceding 80 years. This trend, linked to global warming will undoubtedly cause major changes in spit morphology. Spits are highly mobile coastal landforms that respond rapidly to environmental change. They therefore represent a signature of past environmental change and provide a landform indicator of climate change.

Geography. --- Geomorphology. --- Geophysics/Geodesy. --- Coastal Sciences. --- Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts. --- Natural Hazards. --- Historical Geology. --- Geology. --- Physical geography. --- Géographie --- Géologie --- Géographie physique --- Sand. --- Gravel. --- Quartz sand --- Climate change. --- Historical geology. --- Geophysics. --- Natural disasters. --- Coasts. --- Aggregates (Building materials) --- Sediments (Geology) --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Earth sciences --- Natural history --- Geography --- Geology --- Natural calamities --- Disasters --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Coastal landforms --- Coastal zones --- Coastlines --- Landforms --- Seashore --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics --- Physics --- Geomorphic geology --- Physiography --- Physical geography --- Environmental aspects --- Global environmental change