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Measurement challenges and metrology for monitoring CO2 emissions from smokestacks : : workshop summary
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Year: 2015 Publisher: Gaithersburg, MD : U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology,

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Greenhouse gas emissions and dispersion : 3. reducing uncertainty in estimating source strangth and location through plume inversion models
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Year: 2015 Publisher: Gaithersburg, MD : U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology,

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Recent development of accurate instruments for measuring greenhouse gas concentrations and the ability to mount them in ground-based vehicles has provided an opportunity to make temporally and spatially resolved measurements in the vicinity of suspected source locations, and for subsequently estimating the source location and strength.^The basic approach of using downwind atmospheric measurements in an inversion methodology to predict the source strength and location is an ill-posed problem and results in large uncertainty.^In this report, we present a new measurement methodology for reducing the uncertainty in predicting source strength from downwind measurements associated with inverse modeling.^In order to demonstrate the approach, an inversion methodology built around a plume dispersion model is developed.^Synthetic data derived from an assumed source distribution is used to compare and contrast the predicted source strength and location.^The effect of introducing various levels of noise in the synthetic data or uncertainty in meteorological variables on the inversion methodology is studied.^Results indicate that the use of noisy measurement data had a small effect on the total predicted source strength, but gave rise to several spurious sources (in many cases 8-10 sources were detected, while the assumed source distribution only consisted of 2 sources).^Use of noisy measurement data for inversion also introduced large uncertainty in the location of the predicted sources.^A mathematical model for estimating an upper bound on the uncertainty, and a bootstrap statistical approach for determining the variability in the predicted source distribution is demonstrated.^The new measurement methodology, which involves using measurement data from two or more wind directions, combined together as part of a single inversion process is presented.^Results of the bootstrap process indicated that the uncertainty in locating sources reduced significantly when measurements are made using the new proposed measurement approach.^The proposed measurement system can be significant in determining emission inventories in urban domains at a high level of reliability, and for studying the role of remediation measures.


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CleanEra
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ISBN: 1614995915 1614995907 9781614995913 9781614995906 Year: 2015 Publisher: Amsterdam

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The CleanEra project was initiated with the goal of developing revolutionary ideas for civil aviation. These ideas were to offer solutions which would limit and reduce some of the negative aspects of aviation, namely: emissions and the use of resources. This book presents you with the highlights of this journey in search of new technologies for a revolutionary aircraft; an aircraft that not only offers a future of comfortable air travel for the passenger, but a future of sustainable aviation for the planet as well.


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Lessons Learned from Three Decades of Experience with Cap-and-Trade
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Year: 2015 Publisher: Cambridge, Massachusetts : National Bureau of Economic Research,

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This essay provides an overview of the major emissions trading programs of the past thirty years on which significant documentation exists, and draws a number of important lessons for future applications of this environmental policy instrument. References to a larger number of other emissions trading programs that have been implemented or proposed are included.


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EPA takes first steps to address GHG emissions from aircraft engines
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Year: 2015 Publisher: [Washington, D.C.] : United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality,

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Green and mean : can the new U.S. economy be both climate-friendly and competitive? : hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, March 10, 2009.
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Year: 2015 Publisher: Washington : U.S. Government Publishing Office,

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Sectoral expansion of the EU ETS : a nordic perspective on barriers and solutions to include new sectors in the EU ETS with special focus on road transport
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ISBN: 928934363X 9289343648 9289343656 9789289343640 9789289343657 9789289343633 Year: 2015 Publisher: Copenhagen, [Denmark] : Nordic Council of Ministers,


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Emissions trading as a policy instrument
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ISBN: 9780262330435 0262330431 026233044X 9780262029285 0262029286 9780262330442 Year: 2015 Publisher: Cambridge, Massachusetts

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Empirical and theoretical perspectives on the first two phases of the European Emissions Trading Scheme, the largest cap-and-trade market established so far.


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Greenhouse gas emissions from international aviation
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ISBN: 9462741433 9789462741430 9462364672 9789462364677 9789462364677 Year: 2015 Publisher: Hague, Netherlands

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While the aviation sector has introduced a number of technological and operational measures to curb its greenhouse gas emissions, these will not offset the emissions expected from its projected growth. This book examines the legal framework underlying the international aviation and climate change discourse. It analyzes the suitability of the International Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO) institutional setting to address climate change and provides a critical assessment of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme. Finally, the book makes several recommendations to facilitate the adoption,


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Carbon pricing : design, experiences and issues
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ISBN: 9781785360220 1785360221 Year: 2015 Volume: 15 Publisher: Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar Publishing ;,

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Carbon Pricing reflects upon and further develops the ongoing and worthwhile global debate into how to design carbon pricing, and how to utilize the financial proceeds in the best possible way for society. The world has recently witnessed a significant downward adjustment in fossil fuel prices, which has negative implications for the future of our environment. In light of these negative developments, it is important to understand the benefits of environmental sustainability through well-documented research. This discerning book considers the design of carbon taxes and examines the consequential outcomes of different taxation compositions as regulatory instruments. Expert contributors assess a variety of national experiences to provide an empirical insight into the use of carbon taxes, emissions trading, energy taxes and excise taxes. The overarching discussion concludes that successful policies used by some countries can be implemented in other jurisdictions with minimum new research and experimentation

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