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Water is the basis of all life. Preservation of aquatic ecosystems and protection of water resources thus are among the most important goals of a sustainable development. The quality of water is mainly determined by its constituents, the entirety of the substances dissolved or suspended in water. To assess the water quality on a sound basis requires in-depth knowledge about the occurrence, behavior and fate of these constituents. That explains the importance of hydrochemistry (also referred to as water chemistry or aquatic chemistry) as a scientific discipline that deals with water constituents and their reactions within the natural water cycle and within the cycle of water use. This textbook introduces the elementary basics of hydrochemistry with special focus on reaction equilibria in aquatic systems and their mathematical description. It is designed as an introductory textbook for students of all environment-related courses who are beginning their hydrochemical education. Only minor knowledge in General Chemistry is required to understand the text. The book is also suitable for continuing education. Topics discussed in this textbook include: structure and properties of water, concentration measures and activities, colligative properties, basics of chemical equilibria, gas-water partitioning, acid/base reactions, precipitation/dissolution, calco-carbonic equilibrium, redox reactions, complex formation, and sorption. The text is supplemented by numerous figures and tables. More than 50 examples within the text as well as more than 60 problems to be solved by the reader support the acquiring of knowledge. Complete and detailed solutions to all problems are given in a separate chapter.

Salinization. --- Water chemistry. --- Water usage. --- Water. --- Water chemistry --- Physical Geography --- Geography --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Aquatic chemistry --- Chemical hydrology --- Hydrochemistry --- Hydrogeochemistry --- Natural water chemistry --- Geochemistry --- Hydrology --- Aquatic systems, Hydrochemistry, Hydrochemical reactions, Water constituents, Water quality.

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A field experiment in rural Liberia is used to study democratic participation in fragile states. Fragile states are marked by political fragmentation, local patronage systems, and voter vulnerability. To understand the effects of such conditions on democratic expression through elections, the experiment introduced new forms of interaction between rural citizens and third-party actors: (i) civic education and town hall workshops directed by non-governmental organizations in communities over nine months and (ii) security committees that brought rural community representatives into monthly exchange with United Nations peacekeepers. Civic education workshops increased enthusiasm for electoral participation, produced a coordinated shift from parochial to national candidates, and increased willingness to report on manipulation. A program combining the two interactions had similar effects. The security committees had negligible effects. Barriers to political information and voter coordination appear to be important but resolvable problems for elections in fragile states.

Access to information --- Accounting --- Allegiance --- Anarchy --- Attrition --- Ballot box --- Banking --- Candidates --- Channels of communication --- Citizen access --- Civic education --- Civics --- Civil society --- Collective action --- Committees --- Community members --- Constituencies --- Constituent --- Constituents --- Crises --- Democracies --- Democracy --- Development economics --- Dictatorial regimes --- E-Government --- Economic conditions --- Economics --- Educational attainment --- Effects --- Election --- Election outcome --- Elections --- Electoral choices --- Electoral information --- Electoral participation --- Electoral systems --- Factions --- Forms of participation --- Free press --- Freedom --- Freedoms --- Governance --- Government --- Governments --- Incentives --- Income --- Information --- Innovations --- International peace --- Labor policies --- Law --- Liberty --- Literacy rates --- Loyalty --- Mobile phone --- Monitoring --- Monopolies --- Motivation --- Nation --- National elections --- Ordinary citizens --- Organizations --- Outcomes --- Parliamentary government --- Participants --- Participation --- Participation variables --- Party members --- Patronage --- Peace --- Pluralism --- Policies --- Policy issues --- Political authority --- Political behavior --- Political change --- Political culture --- Political democracy --- Political discussion --- Political economy --- Political information --- Political landscape --- Political leaders --- Political participation --- Political pluralism --- Political rights --- Political science --- Politicians --- Politics --- Politics and government --- Queen --- Representatives --- Rights --- Security --- Social protections and labor --- Terrorism --- Theory --- Training --- United Nations --- Value --- Vote choice --- Voter participation --- Voter turnout --- Voting --- Voting rights