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Drawing on a new set of nationally representative, internationally comparable household surveys, this paper provides an overview of key features of structural transformation-labor allocation and labor productivity-in four African economies. New, micro-based measures of sector labor allocation and cross-sector productivity differentials describe the incentives households face when allocating their labor. These measures are similar to national accounts-based measures that are typically used to characterize structural changes in African economies. However, because agricultural workers supply far fewer hours of labor per year than do workers in other sectors, productivity gaps disappear almost entirely when expressed on a per-hour basis. What look like large productivity gaps in national accounts data could really be employment gaps, calling into question the prospective gains that laborers can achieve through structural transformation. These employment gaps, along with the strong linkages observed between rural non-farm activities and primary agricultural production, highlight agriculture's continued relevance to structural change in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Agricultural Labor Productivity --- Banks and Banking Reform --- Economic Theory & Research --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Productivity Gaps --- Sector Labor Shares --- Structural Transformation --- Work & Working Conditions --- Sub-Saharan Africa

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De auteur sprak met ex-werkneemsters van de fabrieken van Chantelle en Moulinex in Frankrijk. De meesten van hen gingen aan de slag op het einde van de jaren zestig-begin zeventig en waren toen nog erg jong (18 tot 20 jaar).Tijdens hun loopbaan besloten velen van hen om actie te voeren om de slechte arbeidsomstandigheden aan te klagen en om gelijk loon voor gelijk werk te eisen. Zij behoorden tot de eerste generatie die brak met de trends van het verleden, namelijk: niet stoppen met werken zodra ze moeder werden. Het duurde wel enige tijd vooraleer ook de vakbonden zich bewust werden van deze nieuwe mentaliteit.De twee centrale vragen waarop de auteur een antwoord tracht te vinden, zijn: (1) met welk doel en op welke manieren ontwikkelden deze fabrieksarbeidsters een “stem” van zichzelf. M.a.w. hoe ontwikkelden zij de capaciteit om tot actie over te gaan? ; (2) Hoe wordt zowel hun genderidentiteit als hun klasse-gebonden identiteit opnieuw vormgegeven binnen deze context?De deelneemsters aan het onderzoek blikken terug op het samenhorigheidsgevoel op de werkvloer, de trots die ze ervaarden m.b.t. hun werk en hun strijdvaardigheid tijdens stakingsacties. Echter ook negatieve herinneringen komen naar boven, zoals discriminatie en seksisme, en seksuele intimidatie op het werk.

Sociology of minorities --- Sociology of the family. Sociology of sexuality --- Sociology of work --- Wages --- Labour conflicts --- Personnel management --- History --- Pay gap --- Labour --- Working class --- Working conditions --- Working-class women --- Sexual division of labour --- Human resources --- Strikes --- Trade unions --- Companies --- Book --- Discrimination --- Empowerment --- anno 1900-1999 --- France

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Sociology of work --- Social policy --- Political parties --- Law --- Social law. Labour law --- Gynaecology. Obstetrics --- Equal opportunities --- Income --- Labour --- Working conditions --- Working hours --- Government policy --- Feminist political parties --- Legislation --- Pregnancy --- Book --- Kelley, Florence --- Paul, Alice --- anno 1800-1899 --- anno 1900-1999 --- United States of America

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Environmental and social responsibility is becoming more and more important in today's global economy. There are thousands of environmental and social codes and standards in the world today. The codes and standards define the rules and the objectives. But the challenge is in the implementation. An environmental and social management system (ESMS) helps companies to integrate the rules and objectives into core business operations, through a set of clearly defined, repeatable processes. This handbook is intended to be a practical guide to help companies develop and implement an (ESMS), which should help to improve overall operations. If a company has existing management systems for quality or health and safety, this handbook will help to expand them to include environmental and social performance.

Burns --- Business --- Child Labor --- Children --- Consultants --- Disabilities --- Disasters --- Environment --- Environmental Health --- General Manufacturing --- Global Economy --- Hazard Risk Management --- Health --- Hygiene --- Incentives --- Industry --- Injuries --- Innovation --- Insurance --- Internet --- Knowledge --- Labor Policies --- Management --- Measurement --- Minimum Wage --- Prevention --- Quality Control --- Skilled Workers --- Social Development --- Social Protections and Labor --- Social Risk Management --- Treatment --- Urban Development --- Violence --- Wages --- Waste --- Weight --- Work & Working Conditions --- Workers --- Working Hours

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Approaching "work" as at heart a practice of exchange, this volume explores sociality in work environments marked by the kind of structural changes that have come to define contemporary "flexible" capitalism. It introduces anthropological exchange theory to a wider readership, and shows how the perspective offers new ways to enquire about the flexible capitalism's social dimensions. The essays contribute to a trans-disciplinary scholarship on contemporary economic practice and change by documenting how, across diverse settings, "gift-like" socialities proliferate, and even sustain the intensified flexible commoditization that more commonly is touted as tearing social relations apart. By interrogating a keenly debated contemporary work regime through an approach to sociality rooted in a rich and distinct anthropological legacy, the volume also makes a novel contribution to the anthropological literature on work and on exchange.

Work environment --- Adaptability (Psychology) --- Interpersonal relations. --- Capitalism --- Human relations --- Interpersonal relationships --- Personal relations --- Relations, Interpersonal --- Relationships, Interpersonal --- Social behavior --- Social psychology --- Object relations (Psychoanalysis) --- Adaptation (Psychology) --- Adaptive behavior --- Flexibility (Psychology) --- Malleability (Psychology) --- Personality --- Adjustment (Psychology) --- Climate, Workplace --- Environment, Work --- Places of work --- Work places --- Working conditions, Physical --- Working environment --- Workplace --- Workplace climate --- Workplace environment --- Worksite environment --- Environmental engineering --- Industrial engineering --- Social aspects. --- Social aspects.. --- #SBIB:39A4 --- #SBIB:316.334.2A60 --- Toegepaste antropologie --- Economische sociologie --- Adaptability (Psychology). --- Interpersonal relations --- Social aspects --- Capitalism. --- Economic Anthropology. --- Employment. --- Flexible Capitalism. --- Labor. --- Neoliberalism.