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A balanced regulation of bone formation and resorption in the healthy individual is required for a healthy bone. On the other side, there are many factors which can lead to alterations in bone density and microarchitecture. Menopause is a condition which can increase the remodeling process in favor of resorption. Moreover, there are also some diseases, i.e. chronic kidney bone disease, that increase the possibility of fractures and the subsequent disability leading to increased mortality. However, it is clear that drugs are an essential element of the therapy and this issue is analyzed extensively in this book. Some novel pathophysiological mechanisms are also presented, offering advanced knowledge to the reader. The book includes chapters from scientific departments and researchers from all over the world.

Osteoporosis. --- Bones --- Vitamin D deficiency --- Diseases --- Immunology

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Rising awareness about the potential link between vitamin D deficiency and adverse health outcomes has seen an increase in the rate of vitamin D testing in developed countries. The cost of a single vitamin D test is moderate (e.g., $61.32 in British Colombia) but the elevated testing rate contributes to substantial healthcare costs. Concern over rising costs led to reform in testing coverage in 2010 in Ontario, followed by other provinces. The changes in Ontario were based on a 2010 report by the Ontario Health Technology Advisory Committee (OHTAC) on the clinical utility of vitamin D testing (reviewed in this report). Despite a lack of direct evidence on testing, a recommendation was made against providing testing for the general population. Tests are now indicated only for individuals with specific conditions (i.e., osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, malabsorption syndromes, renal disease, and individuals taking medications that may affect vitamin D status). The Endocrine Society and Osteoporosis Canada also recommend against screening for low risk individuals. There is a lack of evidence to suggest that the rise in test frequency has translated into improved healthcare practices. For example, the temporal increase in testing in Australia has not resulted in improved osteoporosis detection in women aged 45 to 74. There is also a lack of evidence on the cost-effectiveness of testing. In light of the rise in test frequency, assay and cut-off inconsistency, and the lack of evidence for the utility of testing, this report will investigate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of testing in the general population.

Vitamin D Deficiency --- Vitamin D Deficiency --- Vitamin D --- Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures --- Cost-Benefit Analysis --- diagnosis. --- economics. --- analysis. --- economics. --- Canada

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Osteonecrosis of the jaws is a well-known side-effect of antiresorptive therapy that predominantly occurs in patients suffering from malignant diseases and receiving intravenous administrations of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates or subcutaneous administrations of denosumab, a monoclonal antibody. Less frequently it may also be observed in patients with osteoporosis who are being treated with these antiresorptive drugs.  This textbook provides detailed, up-to-date information on all aspects of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws, including clinical features, pathogenesis, treatment options, and preventive measures. It also explains safe prevention and treatment strategies for patients receiving antiresorptive drugs who require extractions, implant insertions, and other dento-alveolar surgeries. This book will be of major interest for medical and dental students, dentists, and oral and maxillofacial surgeons as well as osteologists and oncologists.

Medicine & Public Health. --- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. --- Dentistry. --- Medicine. --- Surgery. --- Médecine --- Dentisterie --- Chirurgie --- Dentistry --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Oral Surgery --- Jaws --- Osteoporosis --- Necrosis. --- Chemotherapy --- Complications. --- Phossy jaw --- Oral surgery. --- Maxillofacial surgery. --- Bones --- Vitamin D deficiency --- Diseases --- Surgery, Primitive --- Medicine --- Dental surgery --- Odontology --- Surgery, Dental --- Oral medicine --- Teeth --- Oral surgery --- Surgery, Oral --- Oral surgeons