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Civilization, Modern --- Twenty-first century --- 2000-2099

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Through the provision of both social and economic infrastructure, public investment can serve as an important catalyst for economic growth. A significant body of theoretical and empirical research underscores the positive relationship between investment in high-quality public infrastructure and economy-wide productivity.1 Against the background of a steady decline in public investment as a share of GDP in advanced economies, evidence of infrastructure bottlenecks in emerging economies, and the sluggish global economic recovery, the G-20 has called for ramping up public investment to raise long-run economic growth (G-20, 2014).2 However, the economic and social impact of public investment crucially depends on its efficiency. Despite anecdotal evidence of projects plagued by time delays, cost overruns, and inadequate maintenance, there are few robust empirical studies of the determinants of public investment efficiency.This paper explores the link between public investment management (PIM) institutions and the efficiency of public investment for the G-20 countries. Based on the analysis from a recent IMF study, the paper finds that better PIM enhances public infrastructure quality, and pinpoints key institutional reforms needs to boost public investment efficiency (IMF 2015). These findings and recommendations are based on a comprehensive data set on investment, infrastructure and capital stocks, and two analytical innovations: (i) a new cross-country Public Investment Efficiency Index (PIE-X); and (ii) a new Public Investment Management Assessment (PIMA) which is applied to G-20 countries.

Public investments. --- Group of Twenty countries.

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African, American and European Trajectories of Modernity asks why, from some moment onwards, 'Europe' and 'the rest of the world' entered into a particular relationship. This relationship was not merely one of domination but one that was conceived as a kind of superiority; more specifically, as an 'advance' in historical time. Towards this end, the volume first analyses the emergence of this Atlantic modernity, then proceeds to compare aspects of contemporary Southern modernity, focusing on Brazil, Chile and South Africa. Finally, it explores the dynamics of contemporary modernity worldwide, looking at the relationship between past oppression and injustice and expectations for future freedom and justice.

Civilization, Modern --- World history. --- Universal history --- History --- Twenty-first century

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biography --- egyptian --- graffiti --- Instruction --- Literature --- Ancient Egypt --- personal religion --- piety --- inscription --- stela --- hieroglyphs --- hieratic --- amulet --- votive --- oracles --- Wenamun --- Libyan Period --- Twenty-first Dynasty --- Twenty-second Dynasty --- Twenty-third Dynasty --- Twenty-fourth Dynasty --- 1550: Geschichte --- biography --- egyptian --- graffiti --- Instruction --- Literature --- Ancient Egypt --- personal religion --- piety --- inscription --- stela --- hieroglyphs --- hieratic --- amulet --- votive --- oracles --- Wenamun --- Libyan Period --- Twenty-first Dynasty --- Twenty-second Dynasty --- Twenty-third Dynasty --- Twenty-fourth Dynasty --- 1550: Geschichte

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Civilization, Modern --- History - General --- History & Archaeology --- Twenty-first century --- Germany --- Civilization.