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A procedure to be used to perform a failure analysis is recommended. The procedure is primarily focused on power transformers used on electric utility systems, although it may be used for an investigation into any ac transformer failure. This document provides a methodology by which the most probable cause of any particular transformer failure may be determined. This document is also intended to encourage the establishment of routine and uniform data collection procedures, consistency of nomenclature and compatibility with similar efforts by other organizations, and cooperative efforts by users and manufacturers during the failure analysis.

Power transistors.

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This document includes a definition of the concept of modulation frequencies for light-emitting diodes (LEDs), a discussion on their applications to LED lighting, a description of LED lighting applications in which modulation frequencies pose possible health risks to users, a discussion of the dimming of LEDs by modulating the frequency of driving currents-voltage, and recommendations for modulation frequencies (flicker) for LED lighting and dimming applications to help protect against known potential adverse health effects.

Modulation-doped field-effect transistors.

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The book summarizes Ting Lei’s PhD study on a series of novel conjugated polymers for field-effect transistors (FETs). Studies contain many aspects of polymer FETs, including backbone design, side-chain engineering, property study, conformation effects and device fabrication. The research results have previously scattered in many important journals and conferences worldwide. The book is likely to be of interest to university researchers, engineers and graduate students in materials sciences and chemistry who wish to learn some principles, strategy, and applications of polymer FETs.

Materials Science. --- Optical and Electronic Materials. --- Polymer Sciences. --- Electronics and Microelectronics, Instrumentation. --- Renewable and Green Energy. --- Polymers. --- Electronics. --- Renewable energy sources. --- Optical materials. --- Polymères --- Electronique --- Energies renouvelables --- Matériaux optiques --- Field-effect transistors -- Materials. --- Field-effect transistors. --- Field-effect transistors --- Materials. --- Polymere --- Polymeride --- Polymers and polymerization --- Unipolar transistors --- Materials science. --- Renewable energy resources. --- Microelectronics. --- Alternate energy sources. --- Green energy industries. --- Electronic materials. --- Macromolecules --- Transistors --- Alternate energy sources --- Alternative energy sources --- Energy sources, Renewable --- Sustainable energy sources --- Power resources --- Renewable natural resources --- Agriculture and energy --- Electrical engineering --- Physical sciences --- Optics --- Materials --- Polymers  . --- Electronic materials --- Microminiature electronic equipment --- Microminiaturization (Electronics) --- Electronics --- Microtechnology --- Semiconductors --- Miniature electronic equipment

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This work takes advantage of high-resolution silicon stencil masks to build air-stable complementary OTFTs using a low-temperature fabrication process. Plastic electronics based on organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) pave the way for cheap, flexible and large-area products. Over the past few years, OTFTs have undergone remarkable advances in terms of reliability, performance and scale of integration. Many factors contribute to the allure of this technology; the masks exhibit excellent stiffness and stability, thus allowing OTFTs with submicrometer channel lengths and superb device uniformity to be patterned. Furthermore, the OTFTs employ an ultra-thin gate dielectric that provides a sufficiently high capacitance to enable the transistors to operate at voltages as low as 3 V. The critical challenges in this development are the subtle mechanisms that govern the properties of aggressively scaled OTFTs. These mechanisms, dictated by device physics, are well described and implemented into circuit-design tools to ensure adequate simulation accuracy.

Chemistry. --- Electrochemistry. --- Surface and Interface Science, Thin Films. --- Electronics and Microelectronics, Instrumentation. --- Electronics. --- Chimie --- Electronique --- Chemistry --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry --- Thin film transistors. --- Organic thin films. --- Surfaces (Physics). --- Interfaces (Physical sciences). --- Thin films. --- Microelectronics. --- Thin films --- Thin film devices --- Transistors --- Electrical engineering --- Physical sciences --- Microminiature electronic equipment --- Microminiaturization (Electronics) --- Electronics --- Microtechnology --- Semiconductors --- Miniature electronic equipment --- Films, Thin --- Solid film --- Solid state electronics --- Solids --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Coatings --- Thick films --- Surface chemistry --- Surfaces (Physics) --- Physics --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical