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Twenty-five years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the democratic ascendency of the post-Soviet era is under severe challenge. While fragile democracies in Eastern Europe, Africa, and East Asia face renewed threats, the world has witnessed the failed democratic promises of the Arab Spring. What lessons can be drawn from these struggles? What conditions or institutions are needed to prevent the collapse of democracy? This book argues that the most significant antidote to authoritarianism is the presence of strong constitutional courts. Distinct in the third wave of democratization, these courts serve as a bulwark against vulnerability to external threats as well as internal consolidation of power. Particular attention is given to societies riven by deep divisions of race, religion, or national background, for which the courts have become pivotal actors in allowing democracy to take root.

Constitutional history --- Democracy --- New democracies --- Constitutional courts --- Histoire constitutionnelle --- Démocratie --- Nouvelles démocraties --- Cours constitutionnelles --- Constitutional history. --- Democracy. --- New democracies. --- Constitutional courts. --- Constitutional law. --- Constitutional law --- Constitutional limitations --- Constitutionalism --- Constitutions --- Limitations, Constitutional --- Public law --- Administrative law --- Courts, Constitutional --- Courts, Supreme --- Supreme courts --- Courts of special jurisdiction --- Courts of last resort --- Countries, Newly democratic --- Democracies, New --- Democratic states, New --- Emerging democracies --- Nations, Newly democratic --- New democratic states --- Newly democratic states --- States, Newly democratic --- Democratization --- Newly independent states --- Self-government --- Political science --- Equality --- Representative government and representation --- Republics --- Constitutional history, Modern --- History --- Interpretation and construction