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DNA polymerases are core tools for molecular biology including PCR, whole genome amplification, DNA sequencing and genotyping. Research has focused on discovery of novel DNA polymerases, characterization of DNA polymerase biochemistry and development of new replication assays. These studies have accelerated DNA polymerase engineering for biotechnology. For example, DNA polymerases have been engineered for increased speed and fidelity in PCR while lowering amplification sequence bias. Inhibitor resistant DNA polymerase variants enable PCR directly from tissue (i.e. blood). Design of DNA polymerases that efficiently incorporate modified nucleotide have been critical for development of next generation DNA sequencing, synthetic biology and other labeling and detection technologies. The Frontiers in Microbiology Research Topic on DNA polymerases in Biotechnology aims to capture current research on DNA polymerases and their use in emerging technologies.

Animal Biochemistry --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- DNA polymerase evolution --- DNA polymerase fidelity --- molecular diagnostics --- DNA polymerase --- PCR inhibitors --- next generation sequencing --- PCR --- DNA sequencing

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This book proposes immunogenomics, or immunopharmacogenomics, as the next-generation big science to uncover the role that the immune system plays in the pathogenesis of many diseases, by summarizing the importance of the deep sequencing of T-cell and B-cell receptors. Immunogenomics/immunopharmacogenomics, a genetic characterization of the immune system made possible by next-generation sequencing (NGS), will be important for the further understanding of the pathogenesis of various disease conditions. Abnormal immune responses in the body lead to development of autoimmune diseases and food allergies. Rejection of recipient cells and tissues, as well as severe immune reactions to donor cells, is also the result of uncontrolled immune responses in the recipient body. There have been many reports indicating that activated immune responses caused by the interaction of drugs and HLA are present in drug-induced skin hypersensitivity and liver toxicity. The importance of the host immune responses has been recognized in cancer treatments, not only for immunotherapy but also for cytotoxic agents and molecular targeted drugs. Hence, characterization of the T-cell receptor and B-cell receptor repertoire by means of NGS deep sequencing will ultimately make possible the identification of the molecular mechanisms that underlie various diseases and drug responses. In addition, this approach may contribute to the identification of antigens associated with the onset or progression of autoimmune diseases as well as food allergies. Although the germline alterations and somatic mutations have been extensively analyzed, changes or alterations of the immune responses during the course of various disease conditions or during various treatments have not been analyzed. It is also clear that computational analyses to draw meaningful inferences of functional recognition receptors on the immune cells remain a huge challenge.  .

Human immunogenetics --- Pharmacogenomics --- Pharmacogenetics --- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell --- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing --- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell --- Immunotherapy --- Methods --- Immunogenetic Phenomena --- Receptors, Antigen --- Immunoglobulins --- Pharmacology --- Genetics --- Immunomodulation --- Immune System Phenomena --- Investigative Techniques --- Sequence Analysis --- Receptors, Immunologic --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Biology --- Health Occupations --- Immunoproteins --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Phenomena and Processes --- Biological Therapy --- Serum Globulins --- Genetic Techniques --- Globulins --- Blood Proteins --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Receptors, Cell Surface --- Therapeutics --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Membrane Proteins --- Proteins --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Pathology --- Pharmacy, Therapeutics, & Pharmacology --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Human genetics. --- Medicine. --- Cancer research. --- Molecular biology. --- Pharmacology. --- Biomedicine. --- Human Genetics. --- Cancer Research. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Oncology. --- Toxicology. --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Physicians --- Chemicals --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Tumors --- Toxicology --- Health Workforce --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biochemistry --- Biophysics --- Biomolecules --- Systems biology --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Chemotherapy --- Drugs --- Pharmacy --- Cancer research --- Physiological effect