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Many studies relate modern science to modern political and economic thought. Using one shift in order to explain the other, however, has begged the question of modernity's origins. New scientific and political reasoning emerged simultaneously as controversial forms of probabilistic reasoning. Neither could ground the other. They both rejected logical systems in favor of shifting, incomplete, and human-oriented forms of knowledge which did not meet accepted standards of speculative science. This study follows their shared development by tracing one key political stratagem for linking human desires to the advancement of knowledge: the collaborative wish list. Highly controversial at the beginning of the seventeenth century, charismatic desiderata lists spread across Europe, often deployed against traditional sciences. They did not enter the academy for a century but eventually so shaped the deep structures of research that today this once controversial genre appears to be a musty and even pedantic term of art.

Learning and scholarship --- Communication in learning and scholarship --- Science --- Natural science --- Natural sciences --- Science of science --- Sciences --- Communication in scholarship --- Scholarly communication --- Erudition --- Scholarship --- Civilization --- Intellectual life --- Education --- Research --- Scholars --- History --- Political aspects --- Europe

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In Knowledge Machines, Eric Meyer and Ralph Schroeder argue that digital technologies have fundamentally changed research practices in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities. Meyer and Schroeder show that digital tools and data, used collectively and in distributed mode -- which they term e-research -- have transformed not just the consumption of knowledge but also the production of knowledge. Digital technologies for research are reshaping how knowledge advances in disciplines that range from physics to literary analysis. Meyer and Schroeder map the rise of digital research and offer case studies from many fields, including biomedicine, social science uses of the Web, astronomy, and large-scale textual analysis in the humanities. They consider such topics as the challenges of sharing research data and of big data approaches, disciplinary differences and new forms of interdisciplinary collaboration, the shifting boundaries between researchers and their publics, and the ways that digital tools promote openness in science.This book considers the transformations of research from a number of perspectives, drawing especially on the sociology of science and technology and social informatics. It shows that the use of digital tools and data is not just a technical issue; it affects research practices, collaboration models, publishing choices, and even the kinds of research and research questions scholars choose to pursue. Knowledge Machines examines the nature and implications of these transformations for scholarly research.

Research --- Cyberinfrastructure. --- Interdisciplinary research. --- Open access publishing. --- Internet research. --- Communication in learning and scholarship --- Data processing. --- Technological innovations. --- Cyberinfrastructure --- Interdisciplinary research --- Open access publishing --- Internet research --- Data processing --- Technological innovations --- Science --- History as a science --- Communication in scholarship --- Scholarly communication --- Learning and scholarship --- Electronic data processing in research --- Open access to research --- Research, Open access to --- Electronic publishing --- IDR (Research) --- Research, Interdisciplinary --- Transdisciplinary research --- Cyber-based information systems --- Cyber-infrastructure --- Electronic data processing --- Information technology --- Computer networks --- Computer systems --- Distributed databases --- High performance computing --- Science research --- Scientific research --- Information services --- Methodology --- Research teams --- Distributed processing --- Research - Data processing --- Research - Technological innovations --- Communication in learning and scholarship - Technological innovations --- INFORMATION SCIENCE/General --- SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY/General --- INFORMATION SCIENCE/Internet Studies --- Web research

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"Big Data" is on the covers of Science, Nature, the Economist, and Wired magazines, on the front pages of the Wall Street Journal and the New York Times. But despite the media hyperbole, as Christine Borgman points out in this examination of data and scholarly research, having the right data is usually better than having more data; little data can be just as valuable as big data. In many cases, there are no data -- because relevant data don't exist, cannot be found, or are not available. Moreover, data sharing is difficult, incentives to do so are minimal, and data practices vary widely across disciplines. Borgman, an often-cited authority on scholarly communication, argues that data have no value or meaning in isolation; they exist within a knowledge infrastructure -- an ecology of people, practices, technologies, institutions, material objects, and relationships. After laying out the premises of her investigation -- six "provocations" meant to inspire discussion about the uses of data in scholarship -- Borgman offers case studies of data practices in the sciences, the social sciences, and the humanities, and then considers the implications of her findings for scholarly practice and research policy. To manage and exploit data over the long term, Borgman argues, requires massive investment in knowledge infrastructures; at stake is the future of scholarship.

Information retrieval --- Information systems --- Communication in learning and scholarship --- Research --- Information technology. --- Information storage and retrieval systems. --- Cyberinfrastructure --- Communication savante --- Recherche --- Technologie de l'information --- Systèmes d'information --- Technological innovations. --- Methodology. --- Data processing. --- Innovations --- Méthodologie --- Informatique --- Cyberinfrastructure. --- Information technology --- Information storage and retrieval systems --- Technological innovations --- Methodology --- Data processing --- Systèmes d'information --- Méthodologie --- Cyber-based information systems --- Cyber-infrastructure --- Electronic data processing --- Computer networks --- Computer systems --- Distributed databases --- High performance computing --- Automatic data storage --- Automatic information retrieval --- Automation in documentation --- Computer-based information systems --- Data processing systems --- Data storage and retrieval systems --- Discovery systems, Information --- Information discovery systems --- Information processing systems --- Information retrieval systems --- Machine data storage and retrieval --- Mechanized information storage and retrieval systems --- Electronic information resources --- Data libraries --- Digital libraries --- Information organization --- IT (Information technology) --- Technology --- Telematics --- Information superhighway --- Knowledge management --- Electronic data processing in research --- Communication in scholarship --- Scholarly communication --- Learning and scholarship --- Distributed processing --- Store datamengder --- Informasjonsteknologi --- Datautvinning --- Forskningsmetoder --- Cyberspace --- INFORMATION SCIENCE/Technology & Policy --- INFORMATION SCIENCE/Internet Studies --- INFORMATION SCIENCE/General --- Data centers --- Communication in learning and scholarship - Technological innovations --- Research - Methodology --- Research - Data processing