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This book presents the status of research on very massive stars in the Universe. While it has been claimed that stars with over 100 solar masses existed in the very early Universe, recent studies have also discussed the existence and deaths of stars up to 300 solar masses in the local Universe. This represents a paradigm shift for the stellar upper-mass limit, which may have major implications far beyond the field of stellar physics. The book comprises 7 chapters, which describe this discipline and provide sufficient background and introductory content for graduate (PhD) students and researchers from different branches of astronomy to be able to enter this exciting new field of very massive stars.

Physics. --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Astronomy, Observations and Techniques. --- Physique --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Astrophysics --- Stars --- Masses. --- Masses, Stellar --- Masses of stars --- Stellar masses --- Density --- Magnitudes --- Astronomy --- Astrophysics. --- Observations. --- Supermassive stars. --- Stellar activity. --- Observations, Astronomical. --- Astronomy—Observations. --- Astronomical observations --- Observations, Astronomical --- Astronomical physics --- Cosmic physics --- Physics

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This book highlights the application of Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) for high-resolution surface analysis and characterization of materials. While providing a brief overview of the principles of SIMS, it also provides examples of how dual-beam ToF-SIMS is used to investigate a range of materials systems and properties. Over the years, SIMS instrumentation has dramatically changed since the earliest secondary ion mass spectrometers were first developed. Instruments were once dedicated to either the depth profiling of materials using high-ion-beam currents to analyse near surface to bulk regions of materials (dynamic SIMS), or time-of-flight instruments that produced complex mass spectra of the very outer-most surface of samples, using very low-beam currents (static SIMS). Now, with the development of dual-beam instruments these two very distinct fields now overlap.

Secondary ion mass spectrometry. --- Time-of-flight mass spectrometry. --- Materials science. --- Microscopy. --- TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Measurement. --- Microscòpia --- Ciència dels materials --- Espectrometria de masses d'ions secundaris --- Espectrometria de masses de temps de vol

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Biophysical modelling of brain activity has had a long and illustrious history and has during the last few years profited from technological advances that allow obtaining neuroimaging data at an unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. It is a very active area of research with applications ranging from the characterization of neurobiological and cognitive processes to constructing artificial brains in silico and building brain-machine interface and neuroprosthetic devices. The relevant community has always benefited from interdisciplinary interactions between different and seemingly distant fields ranging from mathematics and engineering to linguistics and psychology. This Research Topic aims to promote such interactions and we welcome all works related or that can contribute to an understanding of and construction of models for neural activity. The focus will be on biophysical models describing brain activity usually measured by fMRI or electrophysiology. Such models can be divided into two large classes: neural mass and neural field models. The main difference between these two classes is that field models prescribe how a quantity characterizing neural activity (such as average depolarization of a neural population) evolves over both space and time as opposed to mass models which characterize the evolution of this quantity over time only and assume that all neurons of a population are located at (approximately) the same point. This Research Topic will focus on both classes of such models and discuss several of their aspects and relative merits focusing on the main ideas of neural field and mass theories that span from synapses to the whole brain, comparisons of their predictions with EEG and MEG spectra of spontaneous brain activity, evoked responses, seizures, and fitting to data to infer brain states and map physiological parameters. We welcome submissions shedding light on the underlying dynamics within the neural tissue that can yield explanations of disorders such as epilepsy and migraine as well as normal functions such as attention, working memory and decision making and encourage papers reporting new theoretical and/or modelling work as well as advances in experimental methods that can benefit modelling endeavours. The aim of this Research Topic is to provide a forum for state-of-the-art research in the field and foster new theoretical advances.

Calculus --- Mathematics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- neural disorders --- self-organization --- Electroencephalogram --- neural networks --- Electrophysiology --- Integro-differential equations --- neural field theory --- neural masses --- oscillations --- anaesthesia

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A writer perhaps best known for the revolutionary works Black Boy and Native Son, Richard Wright also worked as a journalist during one of the most explosive periods of the 20th century. From 1937 to 1938, Wright turned out more than two hundred articles for the Daily Worker, the newspaper that served as the voice of the American Communist Party. Byline, Richard Wright assembles more than one hundred of those articles plus two of Wright's essays from New Masses, revealing to readers the early work of an American icon. As both reporter and Harlem bureau chief, Wright covered most of the major and minor events, personalities, and issues percolating through the local, national, and global scenes in the late 1930s. Because the Daily Worker wasn't a mainstream paper, editors gave Wright free rein to cover the stories he wanted, and he tackled issues that no one else covered. Although his peers criticized his journalistic writing, these articles offer revealing portraits of Depression-era America rendered in solid, vivid prose. Featuring Earle V. Bryant's informative, detailed introduction and commentary contextualizing the compiled articles, Byline, Richard Wright provides insight into the man before he achieved fame as a novelist, short story writer, and internationally recognized voice of social protest. This collection opens new territory in Wright studies, and fans of Wright's novels will delight in discovering the lost material of this literary great.

Journalists --- Communism --- Wright, Richard, --- Criticism and interpretation. --- United States --- Politics and government --- Social conditions --- Wright, Richard --- African American journalists --- New York (State) --- New York (N.Y.) --- Journalism [Communist ] --- Harlem (New York, N.Y.) --- Intellectual life --- 20th century --- Daily Worker (Chicago, Ill.) --- Daily worker (Chicago, Ill.) --- New masses.

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A study of the personal religion of King John, presenting a more complex picture of his actions and attitude.

Kings and rulers --- Religion and politics. --- Religious life --- John, --- Religion. --- Political science --- Politics, Practical --- Politics and religion --- Religion --- Religions --- Czars (Kings and rulers) --- Kings and rulers, Primitive --- Monarchs --- Royalty --- Rulers --- Sovereigns --- Tsars --- Tzars --- Heads of state --- Queens --- Religious aspects --- Political aspects --- John Lackland, --- Lackland, John, --- Johans Sanz Terre, --- Great Britain --- History --- Church history --- HISTORY / Medieval. --- King John. --- actions. --- attitude. --- authority. --- chapels. --- chaplains. --- church dispute. --- church. --- excommunication. --- faith. --- historical context. --- holy relics. --- interdict. --- masses. --- medieval church. --- medieval period. --- medieval rulers. --- medieval writers. --- memory. --- personal religion. --- religion. --- religious houses. --- reputation. --- royal religious activity. --- saints.