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In the search for simple explanations of the natural world, its complicated textures are often filed down to a smoothened surface of our liking. The impetus for this Research Topic was borne out of a need to re-ignite interest in the complex – in this case in the context of ion channels in the nervous system. Ion channels are the large proteins that form regulated pores in the membranes of cells and, in the brain, are essential for the transfer, processing and storage of information. These pores full of twists and turns themselves are not just barren bridges into cells. More and more we are beginning to understand that ion channels are like bustling medieval bridges (packed with apartments and shops) rather than the more sleek modern variety – they are dynamic hubs connected with many structures facilitating associated activities. Our understanding of these networks continues to expand as our investigative tools advance. Together these articles highlight how the complexity of ion channel signaling nexuses is critical to the proper functioning of the nervous system.

Nervous system. --- Neurosciences. --- Nervous System --- Ion Channels --- Interactome --- cellular signaling --- Protein complexes

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Extracellular ATP is currently recognized as one of the most widely distributed neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the peripheral and central nervous system. ATP-gated P2X receptors are expressed by neurons, glial and many other non-neuronal cells and represent an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. Diverse molecular and cellular mechanisms have been identified for P2X receptor functioning, including the ability to enlarge the size of the ion pore associated with the release of several key immune molecules. A major recent breakthrough was the determination of the X-ray crystal structures of zebrafish P2X4 receptor in ATP-bound and ATP-free states. The P2X receptor research field is rapidly growing, as evidenced by the almost 2000 papers published in the last 5 years. However, despite the fundamental signalling function of extracellular ATP in the nervous system, the widespread roles of P2X receptors have not been widely elucidated and presented in textbooks. In this volume of papers we aim to gather a collection of high quality papers, detailing the latest insights from the most accomplished international P2X receptor researchers. Importantly, basic research into P2X receptors has a strong translational impact and our collection of articles could be a valuable guide for the development of new pharmacological and biotechnological tools addressing the function of P2X receptors. Within this collection we plan to cover receptor structure-function relationships, receptors trafficking, to highlight the special properties of P2X receptors and their pharmacological profiles, and to describe the translational aspects of cellular ATP signaling in pain and in other neurological and vascular diseases.

Neurology. --- Neurotransmitters. --- Medicine. --- Central Nervous System --- Ion Channels --- neurotransmitters --- P2X receptor --- ATP

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Extracellular ATP is currently recognized as one of the most widely distributed neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the peripheral and central nervous system. ATP-gated P2X receptors are expressed by neurons, glial and many other non-neuronal cells and represent an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. Diverse molecular and cellular mechanisms have been identified for P2X receptor functioning, including the ability to enlarge the size of the ion pore associated with the release of several key immune molecules. A major recent breakthrough was the determination of the X-ray crystal structures of zebrafish P2X4 receptor in ATP-bound and ATP-free states. The P2X receptor research field is rapidly growing, as evidenced by the almost 2000 papers published in the last 5 years. However, despite the fundamental signalling function of extracellular ATP in the nervous system, the widespread roles of P2X receptors have not been widely elucidated and presented in textbooks. In this volume of papers we aim to gather a collection of high quality papers, detailing the latest insights from the most accomplished international P2X receptor researchers. Importantly, basic research into P2X receptors has a strong translational impact and our collection of articles could be a valuable guide for the development of new pharmacological and biotechnological tools addressing the function of P2X receptors. Within this collection we plan to cover receptor structure-function relationships, receptors trafficking, to highlight the special properties of P2X receptors and their pharmacological profiles, and to describe the translational aspects of cellular ATP signaling in pain and in other neurological and vascular diseases.

Neurology. --- Neurotransmitters. --- Medicine. --- Neurology --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Central Nervous System --- Ion Channels --- neurotransmitters --- P2X receptor --- ATP

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This volume describes chemical approaches to assess ion channel structure, function and pharmacology. Topics discussed include the use of engineered ionizable side chains to obtain information on permeation pathways and the local environment; the modification of engineered cysteine side chains, including cysteine scanning mutagenesis and the attachment of fluorescent probes and bio-reactive tethers; and the nascent use of genetic code expansion, evaluating its applications to ion channel and membrane proteins. This comprehensive text provides multifaceted perspectives on the great diversity of state-of-the-art methods which take advantage of the ever-expanding chemical toolbox to study ion channel biology. Capturing the contributions and innovations of renowned laboratory researchers in transmembrane protein study for the first time, this book is comprehensive in scope. It covers a wide array of experimental approaches: photochemistry, novel biological tools, and innovative spectroscopy, all combined with traditional techniques of electrophysiology and molecular biology. Novel Chemical Tools to Study Ion Channel Biology, part of the bestselling  Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology series is ideal for researchers and advanced students interested in biochemistry, biophysics, fluorometry, electrophysiology, and chemical biology.

Ion channels --- Electrophysiology --- Methods --- Photochemistry --- Ion Transport --- Ion Channels --- Ion Channel Gating --- Fluorometry --- Luminescent Measurements --- Membrane Transport Proteins --- Biophysics --- Investigative Techniques --- Biological Transport --- Chemistry, Physical --- Signal Transduction --- Biochemical Processes --- Photometry --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Carrier Proteins --- Metabolism --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Chemistry --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Proteins --- Chemistry Techniques, Analytical --- Biochemical Phenomena --- Metabolic Phenomena --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Chemical Phenomena --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Phenomena and Processes --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Ion channels. --- Electrophysiology. --- Animal electricity --- Bioelectricity --- Electricity, Animal --- Electrobiology --- Channels, Ion --- Medicine. --- Cell biology. --- Biomedicine. --- Biomedicine general. --- Cell Biology. --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Neurology --- Physiology --- Electricity --- Biological transport, Active --- Ion-permeable membranes --- Membrane proteins --- Physiological effect --- Cytology. --- Health Workforce --- Biomedicine, general.

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T-type calcium channels are prevalent in every organ of the body, and are believed to play a part in a variety of physiological processes, including contraction, shape change, secretion, endo- and exocytosis, cell proliferation and differentiation, modulation of enzyme function, and cell cycle progression. As such, research on the roles of these channels in a wide range of diseases has attracted increasing attention in recent years. The purpose of this book is to present a series of unique and comprehensive reviews of our current understanding of T-type calcium channels at the level of the basic sciences as well as the clinical sciences. For key organ systems, information is provided on the correlation between the molecular, biophysical and pharmacological properties of the channels, their cellular mechanisms, and their potential roles in the pathogenesis of various diseases. The compilation presents both commonplace and less well-known findings on these channels in a format designed to appeal to both casual readers and specialists in basic and clinical research on these transporters.

Biomedicine. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Cell Biology. --- Human Physiology. --- Medicine. --- Human physiology. --- Cytology. --- Médecine --- Physiologie humaine --- Cytologie --- Calcium channels --- Membrane Transport Modulators --- Second Messenger Systems --- Calcium Channels --- Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action --- Ion Channels --- Signal Transduction --- Biochemical Processes --- Membrane Transport Proteins --- Pharmacologic Actions --- Chemical Actions and Uses --- Carrier Proteins --- Biochemical Phenomena --- Proteins --- Chemical Phenomena --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Phenomena and Processes --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Calcium Channel Blockers --- Calcium Channels, T-Type --- Calcium Signaling --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Biophysics --- Physiology --- Pathophysiology --- Calcium channels. --- Research. --- Channels, Calcium --- Molecular biology. --- Cell biology. --- Ion channels --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Human body --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Life sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Health Workforce --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biochemistry --- Biomolecules --- Systems biology