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This paper discusses key findings and recommendations of the Technical Assistance Report on Optimal Reform and Distributional Analysis of the Personal Income Tax (PIT). With regard to reforming the PIT schedule, it recommends that the basic credit be increased and made fully refundable to all taxpayers age 18 and older. To avoid paying this benefit to young singles, such as students, who generally have other means of support, it could be conditioned on a certain level of labor earnings. This credit should be rapidly phased out as labor income rises, and the initial PIT rate should be significantly reduced. The current top PIT rate does not need reform, although the threshold for that rate should ideally be raised.
International Monetary Fund. --- Macroeconomics --- Personal Finance -Taxation --- Taxation --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Public finance & taxation --- Personal income --- Personal income tax --- Marginal effective tax rate --- Income tax systems --- Income distribution --- National accounts --- Taxes --- Tax policy --- Income --- Income tax --- Tax administration and procedure --- Iceland
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International corporate tax issues are prominent in public debate, notably with the G20-OECD project addressing Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (‘BEPS’). But while there is considerable empirical evidence for advanced countries on the cross-country fiscal externalities at the heart of these issues, there is almost none for developing countries. This paper uses panel data for 173 countries over 33 years to explore their magnitude and nature, focusing particularly on developing countries and applying a new method to distinguish between spillover effects through real decisions and through avoidance —and quantify the revenue impact of the latter. The results suggest that spillover effects on the tax base are if anything a greater concern for developing countries than for advanced—and a significant one.
International business enterprises -- Taxation -- Law and legislation. --- Transfer pricing -- Taxation -- Law and legislation. --- Transfer pricing. --- Finance --- Business & Economics --- Financial Management & Planning --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Taxation --- Corporate Taxation --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- Multinational Firms --- International Business --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Externalities --- Tax Evasion and Avoidance --- Corporate & business tax --- Public finance & taxation --- Corporate income tax --- Average effective tax rate --- Spillovers --- Tax avoidance --- Revenue administration --- Taxes --- Tax policy --- Financial sector policy and analysis --- Corporations --- Tax administration and procedure --- International finance --- Tax evasion --- Revenue --- United States
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This paper analyzes how differences in legal origin, judicial efficiency, and investor protection affect firm leverage and earnings volatility across developing countries. Using a large number of developing countries, four main findings are highlighted. First, firms in civil legal origin countries rely more on debt financing compared to firms in common law countries, and they exhibit lower earnings volatility. Second, under weak judicial enforcement, firms tend to borrow more but they take less risk. Third, stronger creditor rights increase debt financing and reduce earnings volatility. Fourth, firm listing on a developed stock exchange shifts the capital structure towards more equity financing, and it increases the firm’s ability to borrow more when the judicial system is inefficient. The results reinforce the importance of strengthening laws and institutions as well as deepening capital markets in developing countries to improve financing conditions and investment outcomes.
Economic development --- Developing countries --- Economic policy. --- Economic conditions. --- Exports and Imports --- Labor --- Public Finance --- Taxation --- International Financial Markets --- Financing Policy --- Financial Risk and Risk Management --- Capital and Ownership Structure --- Value of Firms --- Goodwill --- Economic Development: Financial Markets --- Saving and Capital Investment --- Corporate Finance and Governance --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Labour --- income economics --- Legal support in revenue administration --- Debt financing --- Average effective tax rate --- Wages --- Income tax systems --- Revenue administration --- External debt --- Tax policy --- Taxes --- Revenue --- Debts, External --- Tax administration and procedure --- Income tax --- India
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Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole and of work and saving choices of individual economic agents from which macroeconomic activity emerges. This book takes an integrative approach to that topic, showing how short-run and long-run forces operate simultaneously to determine the behavior of key economic indicators such as employment and real, inflation-adjusted GDP.
Macroeconomics. --- aggregate demand --- aggregate supply --- baseline scenario --- chain-weight method --- classical tradition --- Cobb-Douglas production function --- compensated supply curve --- consumption tax --- contractive monetary and fiscal policy --- cost of capital --- demand multiplier --- depreciation rate --- diminishing marginal rate of substitution --- excess demand --- excess supply --- expansive monetary and fiscal policy --- flat tax --- frictional unemployment --- full employment --- golden rule of economic growth --- Great Contraction --- gross national product --- income effect --- individual equilibrium --- interest parity condition --- intertemporal elasticity of substitution --- INUS --- Keynesian scenario --- labor force participation rate --- labor income --- Laffer curve --- leisure --- longrun aggregate supply --- macro foundations --- marginal effective tax rate --- marginal product --- marginal propensity to consume --- marginal propensity to produce --- marginal rate of substitution --- marginal utility --- micro foundations, money --- natural unemployment rate --- net foreign investment --- new classical economics --- nominal rate of return --- non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment --- non- accelerating inflation rate of labor-force participation --- output supply multiplier --- Phillips curve --- potential GDP --- present value --- purchasing power parity --- rate of time preference --- real rate of return --- replacement rate --- repressed inflation --- repressed wages --- saving rate --- self-reliance rate --- short-run aggregate supply --- stabilization policies --- steady state of economic growth --- structural unemployment --- substitution effect --- supply side economics --- uncompensated supply curve --- unemployment rate
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