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The West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) is a currency union with a fixed exchange rate and limited capital mobility and, therefore, an independent monetary policy in the short run. The Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO) is conducting the single monetary policy with the main goal of preserving price stability and supporting economic growth. However, the effectiveness of its monetary policy remains low, with a weak reaction of market interest rates and inflation to BCEAO’s policy actions. The paper concludes that, while the institutional setup and the instruments of monetary policy are adequate, the transmission mechanism of monetary policy remains constrained by liquidity management practices, shallow and segmented financial markets, and interest rate rigidities. To improve the effectiveness of monetary policy the BCEAO should be more proactive in determining the stance of fiscal policies, develop financial markets, and liberalize controlled interest rates. The BCEAO is undertaking important reforms in these directions.
Banks and banking -- Islands of the Pacific. --- Economic development -- Islands of the Pacific. --- Interest rates -- Islands of the Pacific. --- Finance --- Business & Economics --- Banking --- Banks and Banking --- Finance: General --- Inflation --- Money and Monetary Policy --- International Migration --- Open Economy Macroeconomics --- Economic Development: Human Resources --- Human Development --- Income Distribution --- Migration --- Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects --- Portfolio Choice --- Investment Decisions --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Monetary Policy --- Macroeconomics --- Monetary economics --- Central bank policy rate --- Interbank rates --- Liquidity --- Financial services --- Asset and liability management --- Prices --- Monetary policy instruments --- Monetary policy --- Interest rates --- Economics --- Banks and banking --- Burkina Faso
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This study shows empirically that gender inequality and income inequality are strongly interlinked, even after controlling for standard drivers of income inequality. The study analyzes gender inequality by using and extending the United Nation’s Gender Inequality Index (GII) to cover two decades for almost 140 countries,. The main finding is that an increase in the GII from perfect gender equality to perfect inequality is associated with an almost 10 points higher net Gini coefficient. For advanced countries, with higher gender equity in opportunities, income inequality arises mainly through gender gaps in economic participation. For emerging market and developing countries, inequality of opportunity, in particular in education and health, appear to pose larger obstacles to income equality.
Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Women''s Studies' --- Gender Studies --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Economic Development: Human Resources --- Human Development --- Income Distribution --- Migration --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Labor Standards: Labor Force Composition --- Education: General --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Labour --- income economics --- Education --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Income inequality --- Gender inequality --- Labor force participation --- Women --- National accounts --- Gender --- Income distribution --- Sex discrimination --- Labor market --- Chile --- Income economics --- Women & girls --- Women's Studies
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