Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

After narrowing modestly in 2013, the global scale of current account imbalances, and of excess imbalances, held steady in 2014. Over the last several years, while the country composition of imbalances has rotated somewhat, overall there has been little progress on reducing excess imbalances. Excess deficits narrowed in some cases, but widened in others; progress on reducing excess surpluses has stalled.An unfinished policy agenda to reduce excess imbalances remains. Efforts by both surplus and deficit economies would be mutually reinforcing and support growth.Several significant recent developments will affect external positions in 2015: sharply lower oil prices, cyclical divergence and different monetary policies among the major economies, and related currency movements. Those developments do not overturn the previous pattern of excess imbalances and associated policy agenda, but they will have significant effects and raise new issues.

Debts, External. --- Balance of payments.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

In December 2014, the Executive Board approved new guidelines on the use of public debt limits in Fund-supported programs. The new guidelines enter into effect on June 30, 2015. The key changes with respect to the existing debt limits policy include, inter alia, the broadening of the policy to encompass all public debt rather than only external public debt; an integrated treatment of external public debt, covering both concessional and non-concessional debt; and closer links between public debt vulnerabilities and the use and specification of public debt conditionality. This note provides operational and technical guidance related to the implementation of the debt limits policy. In particular, it sets out how the policy should be implemented in country-specific circumstances. Full text also available in French.

Debts, External. --- Fiscal policy. --- Expenditures, Public.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Ghana is one of the earliest and most serious examples of the build up of foreign debt by a developing country to support its policies for economic growth. This study, first published in 1974 in conjunction with the Overseas Development Institute, analyses Ghana's economy over twenty years and highlights the problems of the debtor/creditor relationship between developed and developing countries.The study concludes with an assessment of the creditors' contribution to Ghana's critical debt position through their readiness to supply funds without adequately analysing the viability of the programme.

Debts, External --- Ghana --- Economic policy. --- Economic conditions

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The external sector assessments use a wide range of methods, including the External Balance Assessment (EBA) developed by the IMF's Research Department to estimate desired current account balances and real exchange rates (see Annex I of the 2015 External Sector Report, also IMF Working Paper WP/13/272 for a complete description of the EBA methodology). In all cases, the overall assessment is based on the judgment of IMF staff drawing on the inputs provided by these model estimates and other analysis and the estimates are subject to uncertainty.The assessments discuss a broad range of external indicators: the current account, the real effective exchange rate, capital and financial accounts flows and measures, FX intervention and reserves and the foreign asset or liability position. The individual economy assessments are discussed with the respective authorities as a part of bilateral surveillance.

Balance of payments. --- Foreign exchange rates. --- Debts, External.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

International Debt Statistics (IDS) 2015 (formerly Global Development Finance) provides statistical tables showing the external debt of 128 developing countries that report public and publicly guaranteed external debt to the World Bank's Debtor Reporting System (DRS). It also includes tables of key debt ratios for individual reporting countries and the composition of external debt stocks and flows for individual reporting countries and regional and income groups, along with some graphical presentations. IDS 2015 draws on a database maintained by the World Bank External Debt (WBXD) system. Longer time series and more detailed data are available from the World Bank open databases, which contain more than 200 time series indicators, covering the years 1970 to 2012 for most reporting countries, and pipeline data for scheduled debt service payments on existing commitments to 2019. International Debt Statistics 2015 is unique in its coverage of the important trends and issues fundamental to the financing of the developing world. This report is an indispensable resource for governments, economists, investors, financial consultants, academics, bankers, and the entire development community. In addition, International Debt Statistics will showcase the broader spectrum of debt data collected and compiled by the World Bank. These include the high frequency, quarterly external debt database (QEDS) and the quarterly public sector database (QPSD) developed in partnership with the International Monetary Fund and launched by the World Bank. Table of Contents * Indicators * PART I: Overview Introduction Debtor Reporting System Trends in Debt Stocks and Flows, 2013 Aggregate Financial Flows to Developing Countries, 2013 All Developing Countries East Asia and Pacific Europe and Central Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Middle East and North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Quarterly External Debt Statistics Public Sector Debt * PART II: Aggregate and Country Tables IDS ONLINE DATABASE International Debt Statistics is available free of charge as part of the World Bank's Open Data collection. To access the IDS database visit data.worldbank.org/data-catalog.

International finance --- Debts, External --- Finance --- Funding --- Funds --- Economics --- Currency question --- Debts, Foreign --- Debts, International --- External debts --- Foreign debts --- International debts --- Debt --- Investments, Foreign