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This thesis presents experimental and theoretical investigations of the connection between the time asymmetry in the short-time evolution of particle clusters and the intrinsic irreversibility of turbulent flows due to the energy cascade. The term turbulence describes a special state of a continuous medium in which many interacting degrees of freedom are excited. One of the interesting phenomena observed in turbulent flows is their time irreversibility. When milk is stirred into coffee, for example, highly complex and interwoven structures are produced, making the mixing process irreversible. This behavior can be analyzed in more detail by studying the dispersion of particle clusters. Previous experimental and numerical studies on the time asymmetry in two-particle dispersion indicate that particles separate faster backwards than forwards in time, but no conclusive explanation has yet been provided. In this thesis, an experimental study on the short-time behavior of two- and four-particle dispersion in a turbulent water flow between two counter-rotating propellers is presented. A brief but rigorous theoretical analysis reveals that the observed time irreversibility is closely linked to the turbulence energy cascade. Additionally, it is demonstrated experimentally that the addition of minute amounts of polymers to the flow has a significant impact on multi-particle dispersion due to an alteration of the energy cascade.

Physics. --- Nonlinear Dynamics. --- Fluid- and Aerodynamics. --- Soft and Granular Matter, Complex Fluids and Microfluidics. --- Engineering Fluid Dynamics. --- Physical Chemistry. --- Chemistry, Physical organic. --- Hydraulic engineering. --- Physique --- Technologie hydraulique --- Diffusion in hydrology. --- Symmetry (Physics). --- Turbulence. --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Atomic Physics --- Symmetry (Physics) --- Invariance principles (Physics) --- Symmetry (Chemistry) --- Dispersion in hydrology --- Hydrological diffusion --- Flow, Turbulent --- Turbulent flow --- Physical chemistry. --- Fluids. --- Amorphous substances. --- Complex fluids. --- Statistical physics. --- Fluid mechanics. --- Conservation laws (Physics) --- Hydrology --- Fluid dynamics --- Applications of Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos Theory. --- Chemistry, Physical organic --- Chemistry, Organic --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Engineering, Hydraulic --- Engineering --- Fluid mechanics --- Hydraulics --- Shore protection --- Chemistry, Theoretical --- Physical chemistry --- Theoretical chemistry --- Chemistry --- Hydromechanics --- Continuum mechanics --- Complex liquids --- Fluids, Complex --- Amorphous substances --- Liquids --- Soft condensed matter --- Mechanics --- Hydrostatics --- Permeability --- Mathematical statistics --- Statistical methods

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This book provides an advanced introduction to extended theories of quantum field theory and algebraic topology, including Hamiltonian quantization associated with some geometrical constraints, symplectic embedding and Hamilton-Jacobi quantization and Becci-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin (BRST) symmetry, as well as de Rham cohomology. It offers a critical overview of the research in this area and unifies the existing literature, employing a consistent notation. Although the results presented apply in principle to all alternative quantization schemes, special emphasis is placed on the BRST quantization for constrained physical systems and its corresponding de Rham cohomology group structure. These were studied by theoretical physicists from the early 1960s and appeared in attempts to quantize rigorously some physical theories such as solitons and other models subject to geometrical constraints. In particular, phenomenological soliton theories such as Skyrmion and chiral bag models have seen a revival following experimental data from the SAMPLE and HAPPEX Collaborations, and these are discussed. The book describes how these model predictions were shown to include rigorous treatments of geometrical constraints because these constraints affect the predictions themselves. The application of the BRST symmetry to the de Rham cohomology contributes to a deep understanding of Hilbert space of constrained physical theories. Aimed at graduate-level students in quantum field theory, the book will also serve as a useful reference for those working in the field. An extensive bibliography guides the reader towards the source literature on particular topics.

Physics. --- Quantum Field Theories, String Theory. --- Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory. --- Mathematical Physics. --- Mathematical Methods in Physics. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Mathematical physics. --- Nuclear physics. --- Quantum theory. --- Physique --- Physique mathématique --- Physique nucléaire --- Théorie quantique --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Atomic Physics --- Symmetry (Physics) --- Gauge fields (Physics) --- Homology theory. --- Fields, Gauge (Physics) --- Gage fields (Physics) --- Gauge theories (Physics) --- Invariance principles (Physics) --- Symmetry (Chemistry) --- Cohomology theory --- Contrahomology theory --- Quantum field theory. --- String theory. --- Heavy ions. --- Hadrons. --- Elementary particles (Physics). --- Algebraic topology --- Field theory (Physics) --- Group theory --- Conservation laws (Physics) --- Physical mathematics --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Mathematics --- Ions --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Elementary particles (Physics) --- High energy physics --- Nuclear particles --- Nucleons --- Nuclear physics --- Models, String --- String theory --- Nuclear reactions --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Quantum theory --- Relativity (Physics)