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This is the first volume of textbooks on atomic, molecular and optical physics, aiming at a comprehensive presentation of this highly productive branch of modern physics as an indispensable basis for many areas in physics and chemistry as well as in state of the art bio- and material-sciences. It primarily addresses advanced students (including PhD students), but in a number of selected subject areas the reader is lead up to the frontiers of present research. Thus even the active scientist is addressed. This volume 1 provides the canonical knowledge in atomic physics together with basics of modern spectroscopy. Starting from the fundamentals of quantum physics, the reader is familiarized in well structured chapters step by step with the most important phenomena, models and measuring techniques. The emphasis is always on the experiment and its interpretation, while the necessary theory is introduced from this perspective in a compact and occasionally somewhat heuristic manner, easy to follow even for beginners.

Physics. --- Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics. --- Physical Chemistry. --- Optics and Electrodynamics. --- Chemistry, Physical organic. --- Physique --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Atomic Physics --- Electricity & Magnetism --- Physical chemistry. --- Optics. --- Electrodynamics. --- Atoms. --- Classical Electrodynamics. --- Chemistry, Physical organic --- Chemistry, Organic --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Quantum optics. --- Laser spectroscopy. --- Dynamics --- Light --- Chemistry, Theoretical --- Physical chemistry --- Theoretical chemistry --- Chemistry --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Matter --- Stereochemistry --- Constitution

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This unique monograph covers recent theoretical and experimental results on the complex character of f electrons in materials containing lanthanides (rare earths) or actinides, such as alpha-cerium and delta-plutonium. It answers the urgent need for a general presentation of the body of experimental and theoretical results presently available in this challenging domain. Some of the fast developing applications of lanthanide and actinide materials are mentioned. Materials containing atoms with an open f shell have electronic and crystalline properties that are controlled by the localized or delocalized character of the f electrons. This book gives a theoretical discussion of the various spectroscopic methods that shed light on the character of the f electrons and on the connection between their localization and the properties of these materials. Part 1 covers the characteristics of the f electrons in atoms and solids and includes a discussion of the properties of lanthanides and actinides in connection with the f electrons. Part 2 describes the various spectroscopic methods that are used to establish the electronic distributions and energies of the states. Examples involve the determination of f electron distributions by high energy spectroscopy methods with separate treatment of the valence and core electrons. Part 3 concentrates on the theoretical treatment of electronic transitions involving f electrons and simulations of the lanthanide spectra, including comparison with the available experimental data. Part 4 discusses the localized or delocalized character of the f electrons in actinides and their compounds, including comparison (analogies & differences) between the 4f and 5f electron materials. This monograph should be of great value for researchers, academics and engineers working in the fields of high energy spectroscopy, electronic and nuclear science and technology, as well as materials involving rare earths and radio-elements.

Physical & Theoretical Chemistry --- Chemistry --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Rare earth metals --- Actinide elements --- Spectra. --- Chemistry. --- Physical chemistry. --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical. --- Materials science. --- Physical Chemistry. --- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry. --- Materials Science, general. --- Chemistry, Physical organic. --- Materials. --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Physical sciences --- Chemistry, Physical organic --- Chemistry, Organic --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Materials --- Material science --- Chemistry, Theoretical --- Physical chemistry --- Theoretical chemistry

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This thesis addresses the coordination chemistry and reactivity of copper and gold complexes with a focus on the elucidation of (i) the metal-mediated activation of σ-bonds and (ii) the migratory insertion reaction. Both processes are of considerable importance in organometallic chemistry, but remain elusive for Cu and Au complexes. In this work, the author contributes significant advances: The first σ-SiH complexes of copper are experimentally and computationally characterized, yielding valuable insights into σ-bond activation processes for copper. Evidence for a highly unusual migratory syn insertion of unsaturated organic molecules into the gold-silicon bond of silylgold (I) complexes is provided and the corresponding mechanism identified. The intermolecular oxidative addition of σ-SiSi, σ-CC and σ-CX (X=halogen) bonds with molecular gold (I) complexes is studied in detail, effectively demonstrating that this reaction, usually considered to be impossible for gold, is actually highly favored, provided an adequate ligand is employed. The use of small-bite angle bis (phosphine) gold (I) complexes allows for the first time the oxidative addition of σ-CC and σ-CX bonds for gold (I). These results shed light on an unexpected reactivity pattern of gold complexes and may point the way to 2-electron redox transformations mediated by this metal, opening up new perspectives in gold catalysis.

Chemistry. --- Organometallic Chemistry. --- Physical Chemistry. --- Computer Applications in Chemistry. --- Chemistry, Organic. --- Chemistry, Physical organic. --- Chimie --- Chimie organique --- Chemistry --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Organic Chemistry --- Copper compounds --- Gold compounds --- Synthesis. --- Auric compounds --- Aurous compounds --- Cupric compounds --- Cuprous compounds --- Organic chemistry --- Chemoinformatics. --- Organometallic chemistry. --- Physical chemistry. --- Chemicals --- Transition metal compounds --- Physical sciences --- Chemistry, Physical organic --- Chemistry, Organic --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Organometallic chemistry . --- Chemical informatics --- Chemiinformatics --- Chemoinformatics --- Chemistry informatics --- Information science --- Computational chemistry --- Chemistry, Theoretical --- Physical chemistry --- Theoretical chemistry --- Chemistry, Organometallic --- Metallo-organic chemistry --- Data processing

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Richard Moser shows how to use and upgrade toy bricks for the construction of a lightweight, low-cost, and easy to reproduce tensile testing setup. Tailored for the characterization of elastomers and stretchable electrodes, the setup is capable of performing stress-strain studies along with resistance-strain measurements. Based on the underlying theory of material deformation and rubber elasticity, the author applies the setup to mechanically characterize polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with different grades of stiffness. The versatility of the device is highlighted with the electromechanical characterization of stretchable thin film metal electrodes on PDMS. Applications of the author´s setup range from using it as an educational tool in practical physics and engineering courses over being showcase in scientific exhibitions to its utilization as an inexpensive and reliable laboratory tool. Contents Fundamentals of Elasticity Design of the Toy Brick Tensometer Stress/Resistance-Strain Measurements Target Groups Teachers and students in technical and applied sciences, with focus on stretchable electronics Executives and specialists in the field of plastics and polymer engineering and research The Author Richard Moser studied Technical Physics at Johannes Kepler University Linz and wrote his Master Thesis at the Soft Matter Physics Department (Institute of Experimental Physics) under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Siegfried Bauer, where he is currently working on his PhD thesis.

Chemistry. --- Physical Chemistry. --- Structural Materials. --- Optical and Electronic Materials. --- Chemistry, Physical organic. --- Materials. --- Optical materials. --- Chimie --- Matériaux --- Matériaux optiques --- LEGO Mindstorms toys. --- Tensiometers. --- Chemistry --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry --- Mindstorms toys --- Tensometers --- Physical chemistry. --- Structural materials. --- Electronic materials. --- Measuring instruments --- LEGO toys --- Optics --- Materials --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Chemistry, Physical organic --- Chemistry, Organic --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Electronic materials --- Architectural materials --- Architecture --- Building --- Building supplies --- Buildings --- Construction materials --- Structural materials --- Chemistry, Theoretical --- Physical chemistry --- Theoretical chemistry

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In this thesis, the author introduces two strategies used to construct various types of N-heterocycles, based on the chemistry of zirconacycles and 2,6-diazasemibullvalenes. In the first part, the author presents the development of multi-component cyclization of a zirconacyclobutene-silacyclobutene fused compound, nitriles and unsaturated compounds. These reactions provide synthetically useful methodology for various N-heterocycles such as 3-acyl pyrrole, pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyridazine and dihydropyrroloazepine, which are all difficult to synthesize by other means. The isolation and characterization of the key three-fused-ring Zr/Si-containing intermediates are also described in detail. These results show that the zirconacyclobutene-silacyclobutene fused compound behaves as a “chemical transformer” upon treatment with various substrates via the “coordination-induced skeleton rearrangement” mechanism. In the second part, the author demonstrates the synthesis and isolation of a series of 2,6-diazasemibullvalenes (NSBVs) from the reaction of 1,4-dilithio-1,3-dienes and nitriles, highlighting the significant progress made for the first time in this work: (1) determination of X-ray crystal structure of a substituted 2,6-diazasemibullvalene; (2) measurement of the activation barrier of its rapid intramolecular aza-Cope rearrangement in solution; (3) exploration of several reaction types of NSBV with diverse ring-expansion products and “bowl-shape” or “cage-shape” N-containing polycyclic skeletons; (4) demonstration of the localized structure as the predominant form and the homoaromatic delocalized structure as a minor component in the equilibrium using theoretical analysis. Based on well-founded results, this work sheds new light on this controversial topic.

Chemistry. --- Organometallic Chemistry. --- Physical Chemistry. --- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry. --- Crystallography. --- Chemistry, Organic. --- Chemistry, Physical organic. --- Chimie --- Chimie organique --- Cristallographie --- Metal complexes. --- Organometallic chemistry -- Research. --- Organometallic compounds. --- Polymers. --- Chemistry --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Organic Chemistry --- Metallo-organic compounds --- Metalloids, Organic --- Metalorganic compounds --- Organometalloids --- Organometallic chemistry. --- Physical chemistry. --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical. --- Organic compounds --- Crystallography and Scattering Methods. --- Leptology --- Physical sciences --- Mineralogy --- Chemistry, Physical organic --- Chemistry, Organic --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Organic chemistry --- Organometallic chemistry . --- Chemistry, Theoretical --- Physical chemistry --- Theoretical chemistry --- Chemistry, Organometallic --- Metallo-organic chemistry