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Von dem 1986 bei der Reaktorexplosion von Tschernobyl freigesetzten radioaktiven Fallout gingen 70 Prozent im Südosten der Belorussischen Sozialistischen Sowjetrepublik (BSSR) nieder. Behörden und Bevölkerung erkannten jedoch nicht die Ausmaße der Katastrophe und betrachteten diese bis lange in die Perestroika hinein als regionales Problem. Es entstand somit ein spezifischer Sozialkontrakt von Tschernobyl. Die betroffenen Menschen erwarteten von der Umsiedlung in weniger belastete Gebiete in erster Linie eine Verbesserung ihrer Wohnsituation. Erst ab 1989 trat unter dem Zeichen von Glasnost im Kontext der öffentlichen Debatten um die belarussische Identität auch die ökologische Tragödie auf die Tagesordnung. Aliaksandr Dalhouski zeichnet diese Entwicklung am Beispiel von Eingaben der Bevölkerung und von kollektiven Protestaktionen nach. Die Studie zeigt dadurch, wie aus individuellen Petitionen zivilgesellschaftliche Initiativen erwuchsen und sich hieraus temporäre Perspektiven für Demokratisierung eröffneten

Chernobyl Nuclear Accident, Chornobylʹ, Ukraine, 1986 --- Chernobyl Nuclear Accident, Chornobylʹ, Ukraine, 1986 --- Accident nucléaire de Tchernobyl, Tchernobyl, Ukraine, 1986 --- Accident nucléaire de Tchernobyl, Tchernobyl, Ukraine, 1986 --- Social aspects --- Environmental aspects --- Aspect social --- Aspect de l'environnement --- Belarus --- Belarus --- Biélorussie --- Biélorussie --- History --- History --- Histoire --- Histoire

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"Modern Belarusian nationalism emerged in the early twentieth century during a dramatic period that included a mass exodus, multiple occupations, seven years of warfare, and the partition of the Belarusian lands. In this original history, Per Anders Rudling traces the evolution of modern Belarusian nationalism from its origins in late imperial Russia to the early 1930s. The revolution of 1905 opened a window of opportunity, and debates swirled around definitions of ethnic, racial, or cultural belonging. By March of 1918, a small group of nationalists had declared the formation of a Belarusian People's Republic (BNR), with territories based on ethnographic claims. Less than a year later, the Soviets claimed roughly the same area for a Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR). Belarusian statehood was declared no less than six times between 1918 and 1920. In 1921, the treaty of Riga officially divided the Belarusian lands between Poland and the Soviet Union. Polish authorities subjected Western Belarus to policies of assimilation, alienating much of the population. At the same time, the Soviet establishment of Belarusian-language cultural and educational institutions in Eastern Belarus stimulated national activism in Western Belarus. Sporadic partisan warfare against Polish authorities occurred until the mid-1920s, with Lithuanian and Soviet support. On both sides of the border, Belarusian activists engaged in a process of mythmaking and national mobilization. By 1926, Belarusian political activism had peaked, but then waned when coups d'etats brought authoritarian rule to Poland and Lithuania. The year 1927 saw a crackdown on the Western Belarusian national movement, and in Eastern Belarus, Stalin's consolidation of power led to a brutal transformation of society and the uprooting of Belarusian national communists. As a small group of elites, Belarusian nationalists had been dependent on German, Lithuanian, Polish, and Soviet sponsors since 1915. The geopolitical rivalry provided opportunities, but also liabilities. After 1926, maneuvering this complex and progressively hostile landscape became difficult. Support from Kaunas and Moscow for the Western Belarusian nationalists attracted the interest of the Polish authorities, and the increasingly autonomous republican institutions in Minsk became a concern for the central government in the Kremlin. As Rudling shows, Belarus was a historic battleground that served as a political tool, borderland, and buffer zone between greater powers. Nationalism arrived late, was limited to a relatively small elite, and was suppressed in its early stages. The tumultuous process, however, established the idea of Belarusian statehood, left behind a modern foundation myth, and bequeathed the institutional framework of a proto-state, all of which resurfaced as building blocks for national consolidation when Belarus gained independence in 1991"--

Nationalism --- Consciousness, National --- Identity, National --- National consciousness --- National identity --- International relations --- Patriotism --- Political science --- Autonomy and independence movements --- Internationalism --- Political messianism --- History --- Belarus --- Republic of Belarus --- Rėspublika Belarusʹ --- Republic of Byelarusʹ --- Respublika Byelarusʹ --- Byelarus --- République de Bélarus --- República de Belarús --- Republik Belarus --- Weissrussland --- White Russia --- Belorussia --- Belorus --- Biélorussie --- Bielorussia --- Białoruś --- Беларусь --- Рэспубліка Беларусь --- Республика Беларусь --- ベラルーシ --- Berarūshi --- Byelorussian S.S.R. --- Autonomy and independence movements. --- Politics and government