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Accounting often is referred to as the language of business; unfortunately, many business professionals lack the fluency in this unique language required to perform basic financial analysis, prepare budgetary forecasts, or compare competing capital investment alternatives. And while there is no shortage of financial-related textbooks or reference manuals, most assume that readers have educational backgrounds - and/or have had years of professional experience - in accounting, financial analysis, or corporate finance. This book targets professionals with limited exposure to - or formal training in - accounting or related finance disciplines. These individuals often include - but certainly are not limited to - engineers, information technology specialists, retail managers, entrepreneurs, marketing directors, construction contractors, attorneys, and even bankers who are making career transitions from consumer lending positions to become commercial loan officers. The primary purpose of this book is to help managers and business owners from diverse professional and educational backgrounds to: (1) converse more effectively with their accounting and finance colleagues; (2) understand the structure and the elements of general-purpose financial statements, (3) identify both the usefulness and the limitations of accounting information; (4) prepare basic financial forecasts; and (5) make sense of commonly used decision-making models.

Accounting. --- Financial statements. --- Accruals --- accounting --- financial statements --- balance sheet --- income statement --- statement of cash flows --- assets --- deferrals --- liabilities --- equity --- revenue --- expenses --- cash flow --- financial analysis --- financial management --- profitability --- solvency --- liquidity --- budgeting --- decision-making --- financial forecasting --- pro forma financial statements --- cost-volume-profit analysis --- breakeven --- capital budgeting --- payback period --- discounted present-value --- internal rate of return --- net present value --- time-value of money

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Since we introduced the term "middle-income trap" in 2006, it has become popular among policy makers and researchers. In May 2015, a search of Google Scholar returned more than 3,000 articles including the term and about 300 articles with the term in the title. This paper provides a (non-exhaustive) survey of this literature. The paper then discusses what, in retrospect, we missed when we coined the term. Today, based on developments in East Asia, Latin America, and Central Europe during the past decade, we would have paid more attention to demographic factors, entrepreneurship, and external institutional anchors. We would also make it clearer that to us, the term was as much the absence of a satisfactory theory that could inform development policy in middle-income economies as the articulation of a development phenomenon. Three-quarters of the people in the world now live in middle-income economies, but economists have yet to provide a reliable theory of growth to help policy makers navigate the transition from middle- to high-income status. Hybrids of the Solow-Swan and Lucas-Romer models are not unhelpful, but they are poor substitutes for a well-constructed growth framework.

Advanced countries --- Advanced country --- Agriculture --- Balance sheet --- Banking --- Bankruptcy --- Barriers --- Benchmark --- Benchmarks --- Capital --- Capital account --- Capital accumulation --- Capital flow --- Capital investment --- Capital investments --- Capital markets --- Carbon emissions --- Central bank --- Climate change economics --- Closed economies --- Comparative advantage --- Competition --- Competitiveness --- Currency --- Currency risk --- Customers --- Decentralization --- Democracy --- Demographic --- Deregulation --- Developing countries --- Development --- Development economics --- Development policy --- Dividend --- Economic development --- Economic developments --- Economic geography --- Economic growth --- Economic outlook --- Economic performance --- Economic progress --- Economic rents --- Economic research --- Economic structures --- Economic theory & research --- Economics --- Economy --- Efficient capital --- Elasticity --- Emerging economies --- Emerging markets --- Entry point --- Environmental sustainability --- Equity --- Exchange --- Exchange rate --- Exchange rates --- Expectations --- Exports --- External finance --- Externalities --- Federal reserve --- Financial crisis --- Financial markets --- Financial sector --- Flexible exchange rates --- Foreign direct investment --- Foreign investors --- Foreign markets --- Free trade --- Future --- GDP --- GDP per capita --- Global economic prospects --- Globalization --- Goods --- Governance --- Growth models --- Growth potential --- Growth rate --- Growth rates --- Growth theories --- Growth theory --- Human capital --- Incentives --- Income --- Income levels --- Incomes --- Industrialization --- Inequality --- Infrastructure investments --- Institutional capacity --- Institutional infrastructure --- Intellectual property --- Interest --- International finance --- International trade --- Investment --- Investments --- Investors --- Knowledge economy --- Labor market --- Labor markets --- Labor policies --- Liberalization --- Liquidity --- Low-income countries --- Macroeconomic management --- Macroeconomic performance --- Macroeconomics and economic growth --- Market conditions --- Market prices --- Markets --- Mic traps --- Middle income countries --- Middle-income countries --- Middle-income country --- Middle-income economies --- Monetary policy --- Money market --- National income --- Natural resources --- Open economies --- Patents --- Per capita income --- Per capita incomes --- Political economy --- Political power --- Poverty reduction --- Price --- Prices --- Private sector development --- Productivity --- Productivity growth --- Property rights --- Protectionism --- Public policy --- Rapid growth --- Real estate --- Regional integration --- Rent --- Risk management --- Safety nets --- Share --- Social capital --- Social protections and labor --- Social safety nets --- Startups --- Structural change --- Sustainable development --- Taxes --- Technological change --- Theory --- Total factor productivity --- Total factor productivity growth --- Trade --- Trade diversion --- Trade liberalization --- Trade negotiations --- Trade policy --- Trends --- Unemployment --- Unemployment rates --- Urbanization --- Value --- Value added --- Variables --- Venture capital --- Volatility --- Wage growth --- Wages --- World development indicators --- WTO

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"Is Gaia becoming Thanatia, a resource exhausted planet? For how long can our high-tech society be sustained in the light of declining mineral ore grades, heavy dependence on un-recycled critical metals and accelerated material dispersion? These are all root causes of future disruptions that need to be addressed today.This book presents a cradle-to-cradle view of the Earth's abiotic resources through a novel and rigorous approach based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics: heat dissipates and materials deteriorate and disperse. Quality is irreversibly lost. This allows for the assessment of such depletion and can be used to estimate the year where production of the main mineral commodities could reach its zenith. By postulating Thanatia, one acquires a sense of destiny and a concern for a unified global management of the planet's abiotic resource endowment. The book covers the core aspects of geology, geochemistry, mining, metallurgy, economics, the environment, thermodynamics and thermochemistry. It is supported by comprehensive databases related to mineral resources, including detailed compositions of the Earth's layers, thermochemical properties of over 300 substances, historical energy and mineral resource inventories, energy consumption and environmental impacts in the mining and metallurgical sector and world recycling rates of commodities."--Publisher.

Geology, Economic. --- Mines and mineral resources. --- Laws of thermodynamics. --- Laws, Thermodynamic --- Thermodynamic laws --- Physical laws --- Thermodynamics --- Economic geology --- Physical geology --- Mines and mineral resources --- Deposits, Mineral --- Mineral deposits --- Mineral resources --- Mines and mining --- Mining --- Natural resources --- Geology, Economic --- Minerals --- geology. --- mineral resources. --- mining industry. --- environmental impact. --- thermodynamics. --- clean technology. --- tiszta technológia --- čistá technológia --- teicneolaíocht ghlan --- čisté technologie --- tecnología limpia --- tecnologia limpa --- švarioji technologija --- teknologji e pastër --- tīra tehnoloģija --- keskkonnasäästlik tehnoloogia --- ren teknik --- чиста технологија --- čista tehnologija --- чиста технология --- tehnologii ecologice --- schone technologie --- czysta technologia --- ren teknologi --- saubere Technologie --- καθαρές τεχνολογίες --- technologie propre --- saastuttamaton tekniikka --- tecnologia pulita --- teknoloġija nadifa --- environmentálne udržateľné technológie --- videi nekaitīga tehnoloģija --- technologia środowiskowa --- technologie verte --- schone industrie --- green technology --- tecnologia de baixas emissões de carbono --- környezetkímélő technológia --- tehnologie cu emisii reduse de dioxid de carbon --- tehnologie durabilă din punct de vedere ecologic --- tecnologia ambiental --- τεχνολογίες χαμηλών εκπομπών διοξειδίου του άνθρακα --- технология с ниски емисии на CO2 --- teknologji me karbon të pakët --- tecnología no contaminante --- tecnología baja en carbono --- vähähiilinen teknologia --- teknologji e qëndrushme për mjedisin --- vähem CO2-heidet tekitav tehnoloogia --- okoljska tehnologija --- industrie propre --- jäätmevaene tehnoloogia --- zelená technologie --- keskkonnahoidlik tehnoloogia --- ekologické technologie --- groene technologie --- roheline tehnoloogia --- tehnologie ecologică --- tehnologija z majhnimi emisijami CO2 --- écotechnologie --- technológia s nízkymi emisiami CO2 --- ekoloģiski tīra tehnoloģija --- Technologie mit geringen Kohlendioxid- Emissionen --- industri e pastër --- industria pulita --- teknoloġija b'livell baxx ta' emissjonijiet ta' CO2 --- technologie s nízkými emisemi oxidu uhličitého --- еколошки чиста технологија --- zemas CO2 emisijas tehnoloģija --- tecnología baja en dióxido de carbono --- екологично устойчива технология --- fenntartható technológia --- grön teknik --- teknoloġija ekoloġikament sostenibbli --- duurzame technologie --- videi draudzīga rūpniecības nozare --- tecnología verde --- miljømæssig bæredygtig teknologi --- ren industri --- tecnologia ambientale --- milieutechnologie --- tehnologija z majhnimi emisijami ogljikovega dioksida --- environmentálna technológia --- Umwelttechnologie --- tecnología ambiental --- vähäpäästöinen teknologia --- tehnologija zaštite okoliša --- tiszta termelési folyamat --- περιβαλλοντικώς αειφόρες τεχνολογίες --- vihreä teknologia --- tehnologie de mediu --- tīrās rūpniecības nozare --- mažaatliekė technologija --- teknoloġija ambjentali --- indústria limpa --- sauberes Produktionsverfahren --- umweltfreundliche Technologie --- technológia s nízkymi emisiami oxidu uhličitého --- zaļā tehnoloģija --- zöld technológia --- grøn teknologi --- ekološki održiva tehnologija --- žalioji technologija --- technologie s nízkými emisemi CO2 --- low waste technology --- švari technologija --- vähese süsinikdioksiidiheitega tehnoloogia --- ekologiškos technologijos --- ekorūpniecība --- teknologji me mbetje të ulët --- μη ρυπαίνουσα τεχνολογία --- puhas tehnoloogia --- videi nekaitīga ilgtspējīga tehnoloģija --- πράσινη τεχνολογία --- ympäristöä säästävä teknologia --- технология с ниски нива на въглеродни емисии --- környezetvédelmi szempontból megfelelő technológia --- technologie environnementale --- екологосъобразна технология --- teknologi med lav CO2-emission --- nízkoodpadová technológia --- καθαρή βιομηχανία --- περιβαλλοντική τεχνολογία --- technologie non polluante --- ekotehnoloģija --- екологична технология --- καθαρή τεχνολογία --- säästev tehnoloogia --- environmental technology --- environmentální technologie --- mahetehnoloogia --- bezatkritumu tehnoloģija --- hållbar teknik --- tehnologija s niskom razinom ugljika --- umweltschonende Technologie --- teknoloġija b'livell baxx ta' emissjonijiet ta' diossidu tal-karbonju --- zielona technologia --- renere teknologi --- teknologji e pranueshme nga mjedisi --- koolstofarme technologie --- tecnologia ecologicamente sustentável --- vähän saastuttava teknologia --- Technologie mit geringen CO2 -Emissionen --- tecnologia de baixo carbono --- tecnologia hipocarbónica --- τεχνολογίες χαμηλών εκπομπών CO2 --- miljövänlig teknik --- zelená technológia --- industria limpia --- πράσινες τεχνολογίες --- ympäristöä säästävä tekniikka --- ekologická výroba --- nízkoodpadová technologie --- tecnología sostenible ecológicamente --- tecnologia non inquinante --- okoljsko trajnostna energija --- clean industry --- tecnología de reducción de desperdicios --- mažo anglies dioksido kiekio technologija --- čistá technologie --- tecnologia ecológica --- mazatkritumu tehnoloģija --- tecnologia a basse emissioni di carbonio --- környezetbarát technológia --- technologia o niskiej emisji dwutlenku węgla --- ekologická technologie --- švarioji pramonė --- tehnologija koja ne zagađuje --- зелена технологија --- технология с ниски емисии на въглероден диоксид --- teknoloġija ekoloġika --- cleantech --- technologia ekologiczna --- нисковъглеродна технология --- nízkouhlíkové technológie --- ekološka proizvodnja --- puhdas teknologia --- nizkoogljična tehnologija --- aplinkosaugos technologija --- zelena tehnologija --- tiszta ipar --- tehnologie curată --- οικολογικά αειφόρες τεχνολογίες --- tecnologia verde --- vides tehnoloģija --- tehnologie verde --- alacsony szén-dioxid-kibocsátású technológia --- ökologisch nachhaltige Technologie --- nízkouhlíková technologie --- zemas oglekļa emisijas tehnoloģija --- environmentally sound technology --- udržitelná technologie --- grüne Technologie --- environmentally sustainable technology --- low-carbon technology --- технологија со намалена емисија на јаглерод диоксид --- technologia niskoemisyjna --- tecnologia sostenibile --- tecnologia de baixas emissões de dióxido de carbono --- koldioxidsnål teknik --- termodinámica --- termodinâmica --- termodinamica --- termodynamika --- Thermodynamik --- termodynamiikka --- termodinamikë --- teirmidinimic --- termodünaamika --- θερμοδυναμική --- termodinamika --- thermodynamica --- termodinamică --- thermodynamique --- termodynamik --- термодинамика --- феноменолошка термодинамика --- termika --- статистичка термодинамика --- термодинамички принципи --- vliv na životní prostředí --- invloed op het milieu --- impatt ambjentali --- tionchar ar an gcomhshaol --- επίπτωση στο περιβάλλον --- влијание врз животната средина --- ndikim në mjedis --- vpliv na okolje --- impact sur l'environnement --- impacto ambiental --- ympäristövaikutus --- ietekme uz vidi --- környezeti hatás --- poveikis aplinkai --- utjecaj na okoliš --- miljöpåverkan --- impatto ambientale --- impact asupra mediului --- Auswirkung auf die Umwelt --- miljøindvirkning --- keskkonnamõju --- wpływ na środowisko --- ekologický dosah --- въздействие на околната среда --- утицај на животну средину --- balanço ecológico --- miljöavtryck --- ekoloģiskais novērtējums --- ekobalancë --- ecobalanço --- effetti sull'ambiente --- vides pēdas nospiedums --- keskkonnajalajälg --- mer --- miljökonsekvensbeskrivning --- ślad środowiskowy --- aplinkosauginis pėdsakas --- miljøopgørelse --- vlerësim ekologjik --- ekološka procjena --- huella ambiental --- miljøvurdering --- balance ecológico --- efect ambiental --- effet environnemental --- περιβαλλοντικό αποτύπωμα --- milieueffect --- vides novērtējums --- Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung --- еколошки ефект --- miljøvirkning --- ökológiai mérleg --- écobilan --- milieuvoetafdruk --- ecological assessment --- efecto sobre el medio ambiente --- environmental assessment --- impronta ambientale --- vides ietekmēšana --- környezetihatás-tanulmány --- avaliação ambiental --- Verträglichkeitsprüfung --- ökológiai vizsgálat --- ekologinis balansas --- impronta ambjentali --- indvirkning på miljøet --- miljøbelastning --- bilanț ecologic --- effect on the environment --- conséquence sur l'environnement --- environmental footprint --- environmentálna stopa --- ecologische balans --- evaluare ecologică --- bilan écologique --- milieueffectrapport --- conséquence environnementale --- effekt på miljön --- Umweltwirkung --- efekt mjedisor --- miljöanalys --- еколошко влијание --- ympäristöarvio --- συνέπεια στο περιβάλλον --- mõju keskkonnale --- miljøaftryk --- effet sur l'environnement --- evaluación medioambiental --- valutazione dell'impatto ambientale --- επίδραση στο περιβάλλον --- Umweltimpakt --- bilancio ecologico --- оценка на влијанието врз животната средина --- environmental effect --- ekoloģiskā bilance --- ekologinis įvertinimas --- tionchar comhshaoil --- amprentă de mediu --- ökologische Bilanz --- efekti mbi mjedis --- οικολογικός ισολογισμός --- отпечатък върху околната среда --- okoljski odtis --- miljöbedömning --- ecobilancio --- empreinte environnementale --- eco-balance --- incidence environnementale --- lorg comhshaoil --- vaikutus ympäristöön --- environmentálny vplyv --- effett ambjentali --- incidence sur l'environnement --- efect asupra mediului --- konsekvenser for miljøet --- efeito no meio ambiente --- ekotase --- keskkonnamõju hindamine --- ympäristöjalanjälki --- Impaktstudie --- EIA --- virkning på miljøet --- vplyv na životné prostredie --- environmentální stopa --- Umweltbilanz --- ecobalance --- környezeti lábnyom --- pasqyrë ekologjike --- hodnocení vlivů na životní prostředí --- miljøstatus --- inverkan på miljön --- Umweltimpaktstudie --- évaluation environnementale --- ekologický vliv --- pegada ambiental --- evaluare de mediu --- aplinkos įvertinimas --- ecological balance sheet --- környezetihatás-vizsgálat --- keskkonnahinnang --- ekobilance --- ekologinen tase --- περιβαλλοντική αξιολόγηση --- vlerësim mjedisor --- ökotasakaal --- UVP --- Ökobilanz --- rudarska industrija --- górnictwo --- těžební průmysl --- industria mineraria --- industria minera --- ťažobný priemysel --- εξορυκτική βιομηχανία --- rudarstvo --- tionscal mianadóireachta --- kasybos pramonė --- iežguves rūpniecība --- bányászat --- Bergbau --- mijnindustrie --- industrie minière --- industri e minierave --- industrija tal-minjieri --- минна индустрия --- industrie minieră --- gruvindustri --- mäetööstus --- kaivosteollisuus --- indústria mineira --- mineindustri --- рударство --- рударска индустрија --- báňský průmysl --- industria estrattiva --- hornictví --- Montanindustrie --- grubedrift --- mijnbouwindustrie --- руди --- důlní průmysl --- рудник --- industrija rudarstva --- hornický průmysl --- bjergværksdrift --- фосилни горива --- минерали --- mineraalivarat --- resurse minerale --- mineralinių žaliavų ištekliai --- rudno bogatstvo --- minerale reserves --- ορυκτός πλούτος --- nerostné zdroje --- zasoby mineralne --- mineraltillgångar --- minerālu resursi --- Bodenschätze --- ásványi nyersanyagok --- mineralne surovine --- mineralressourcer --- nerastné zdroje --- acmhainn mhianrach --- burime minerare --- maavarad --- riżorsi minerali --- рудни богатства --- risorse minerali --- минерални ресурси --- рудна богатства --- ressource minérale --- recurso mineral --- ressource minière --- minerální zdroje --- mineralni izvori --- минерални суровини --- mineralni resursi --- kalnrūpniecības resursi --- рудни ресурси --- recursos minerais --- surovinové zdroje --- disponibilní zdroje --- rersurse miniere --- recurso minero --- minerale bodemrijkdom --- ťažobné zdroje --- kasybos ištekliai --- risorse minerarie --- μεταλλευτικοί πόροι --- mining resources --- kaivosvarannot --- mineralna sirovina --- mineralische Bodenschätze --- burime minerale --- mineralresurser --- ložiska nerud --- геологија --- γεωλογία --- геология --- ġeoloġija --- geología --- geologi --- geológia --- geoloogia --- geologia --- géologie --- gjeologji --- geolaíocht --- geologie --- ģeoloģija --- Geologie --- geologija --- estudo geológico --- studi geologici --- tektonika --- cercetări geologice --- tectonică --- ložisková geologie --- ģeoloģiskā izpēte --- studim gjeologjik --- tektoonika --- geologisk studie --- geološko istraživanje --- τεκτονική γεωλογία --- strukturní geologie --- földtan --- tectónica --- geologinen tutkimus --- tektoniikka --- geologisk undersøgelse --- geoloogiline uurimus --- тектоника --- studii geologice --- γεωλογική μελέτη --- Tektonik --- geological survey --- tektoniek --- tectonique --- tettonica --- geologinis tyrimas --- regionální geologie --- tektonik --- tectonics --- geological study --- étude géologique --- tektonikë --- geologinis žvalgymas --- paleontologie --- estudio geológico