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This volume contains the papers of the international RefoRC conference on 'Reformed Majorities and Minorities in Early Modern Europe' as it was organized by the Johannes a Lasco Bibliothek, Emden in cooperation with the Faculty of 'Artes Liberales' of the University of Warsaw. The conference took place April 10-12, 2013 in Emden and was part of the research project 'Doctrina et Tolerantia' directed by the Johannes a Lasco Bibliothek. The contributions in this volume deal with the question how the relation between doctrine and toleration was dealt with in territories with a Reformed majority. Did the refugee-experience of the Reformed make them tolerant or militant? How did official policy relate to everyday practice? Were there different opinions on this issue within the Reformed tradition? The answers to these questions give more insights into the diversity of international Calvinism and the way theory was put into practice.

History of civilization --- Christian church history --- History of Europe --- anno 1600-1699 --- anno 1500-1599 --- Reformation --- Réforme (Christianisme) --- 284.1 --- 284.2 "15/16" --- Lutheraanse hervorming. Reformatie van Luther --- Calvinistische hervorming. Zwinglianisme. Hervormden--?"15/16" --- Conferences - Meetings --- 284.2 "15/16" Calvinistische hervorming. Zwinglianisme. Hervormden--?"15/16" --- 284.1 Lutheraanse hervorming. Reformatie van Luther --- Réforme (Christianisme)

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When Martin Luther mounted his challenge to the Catholic Church, reform stimulated a range of responses, including radical solutions such as those proposed by theologians of the Anabaptist movement. But how did ordinary anabaptists, men and women, grapple with the theological and emotional challenges of the lutheran Reformation ? Anabaptism developed along unique lines in the lutheran heartlands in central Germany. Here, the movement was made up of scattered groups and did not centre on charismatic leaders as it did elsewhere; ideas were spread more often by word of mouth than by print; and many anabaptists had uneven attachment to the movement, recanting and then relapsing. Historiography has neglected anabaptism in this area, since it had no famous leaders and does not seem to have been numerically strong. Baptism, brotherhood, and belief challenges these assumptions, revealing how anabaptism’s development in central Germany was fundamentally influenced by its interaction with lutheran theology. By doing so, it sets a new agenda for understandings of anabaptism in central Germany, as ordinary individuals created new forms of piety which mingled with ideas about brotherhood, baptism, the Eucharist, and gender and sex. Anabaptism in this region was not an isolated sect but an important part of the confessional landscape of the Saxon lands, and continued to shape lutheran pastoral affairs long after scholarship assumed it had declined. The choices these anabaptist men and women made sat on a spectrum of solutions to religious concerns raised by the Reformation. Understanding their decisions, therefore, provides new insights into how religious identities were formed in the Reformation era.

Christian church history --- History of Germany and Austria --- anno 1500-1599 --- Anabaptistes --- Église luthérienne --- Reformation --- Anabaptists --- Lutheran Church --- 284.1 <43> "15" --- 286 <43> "15" --- Lutheranism --- Christian sects --- Catabaptists --- Habans --- Baptists --- Peasants' War, 1524-1525 --- History --- Lutheraanse hervorming. Reformatie van Luther--Duitsland --"15" --- Anabaptisten Duitsland. Zwickauer Propheten. Abecedarianen. Münster. Melchiorieten--?"15" --- 286 <43> "15" Anabaptisten Duitsland. Zwickauer Propheten. Abecedarianen. Münster. Melchiorieten--?"15"