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1984 marked a low point in East-West relations. NATO's deployment of medium-range nuclear missiles in Western Europe as well as the announcement of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) led to a ratcheting up of tensions. The CDE, a conference that sought to build confidence and promote disarmament, first convened in Stockholm in 1984, yet it was not possible to break the deadlock in negotiations over nuclear weapons until after the death of Andropov and Reagan's election victory. West Germany and France expanded their cooperation during this period as they sought greater European integration as well as the strengthening of the Western European Union (WEU). The West German government in Bonn came under pressure following reports that German firms had assisted Iraq with chemical weapons production. It was also criticized for considering the delivery of tanks to Saudi Arabia. Meanwhile, a growing number of East Germans were taking refuge in Western embassies, seeking to escape the Eastern bloc. This fanned tensions between East and West; bowing to Soviet pressure, the East German head of state, Erich Honecker, cancelled a trip to West Germany. The difficult historical burden borne by West Germany was evident during the D-Day memorial ceremony in Normandy as well as during the memorial service attended by Helmut Kohl and François Mitterrand in Verdun. West Germany was exhorted by many nations to shun revanchism and "Pangermanism." The 357 documents made available for the first time in this collection address a range of other topics, including the assassination of Indira Gandhi, the wars in Lebanon and the Pesian Gulf, the conflicts in Central America, and the Polish Crisis. Herausgegeben im Auftrag des Auswärtigen Amts vom Institut für ZeitgeschichteHauptherausgeber: Horst Möller, Mitherausgeber: Gregor Schöllgen und Andreas WirschingWissenschaftliche Leiterin: Ilse Dorothee Pautsch Anfang 1984 befanden sich die Ost-West-Beziehungen angesichts der Nachrüstung in Westeuropa und der amerikanischen SDI-Pläne auf dem Tiefpunkt. Dennoch wurde in Stockholm die "Konferenz über Vertrauens- und Sicherheitsbildende Maßnahmen und Abrüstung in Europa" eröffnet. Der Stillstand in den Gesprächen der beiden Supermächte über Kernwaffen konnte allerdings erst nach dem Tod Andropows und dem Wahlsieg Ronald Reagans überwunden werden. Die Bundesrepublik und Frankreich dagegen intensivierten ihre Zusammenarbeit und bemühten sich um die Vertiefung der europäischen Integration und eine Belebung der WEU. Unter Druck geriet Bonn durch saudiarabische Panzerlieferungswünsche und Meldungen über die Beteiligung deutscher Firmen an der Chemiewaffen-Produktion im Irak. Auch mit der DDR kam es zu Problemen angesichts der steigenden Zahl von Ausreisewilligen, die sich in westliche diplomatische Vertretungen geflüchtet hatten. Ein Besuch Erich Honeckers in der Bundesrepublik wurde auf sowjetischen Druck abgesagt. Das schwierige historische Erbe der Bundesrepublik zeigte sich bei den D-Day-Gedenkfeiern in der Normandie, dem Auftritt von Helmut Kohl und François Mitterrand in Verdun sowie in Warnungen vor Revanchismus und "Pangermanismus", die auch von Verbündeten geäußert wurden. Darüber hinaus behandeln die hier erstmals zugänglichen 357 Dokumente u.a. die Ermordung Indira Gandhis, die Kriege im Libanon und am Persischen Golf, die Konflikte in Mittelamerika sowie die Krise in Polen.

Germany --- Foreign relations --- Weimar Republic --- Germanii︠a︡ --- Германия --- BRD --- FRN --- Jirmānīya --- جرمانيا --- Nimechchyna --- Gjermani --- Federalʹna Respublika Nimechchyny --- Veĭmarskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Ashkenaz --- Germanyah --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- Federal Republic of Germany --- Deutschland --- Repoblika Federalin'i Alemana --- República Federal de Alemania --- Alemania --- República de Alemania --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Kholboony Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- KhBNGU --- ХБНГУ --- German Uls --- Germania --- Republika Federal Alemmana --- Deutsches Reich --- Grossdeutsches Reich --- Weimarer Republik --- Vācijā --- ドイツ --- Doitsu --- ドイツ連邦共和国 --- Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : British Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : French Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : Russian Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : U.S. Zone) --- Germany (East) --- Germany (West) --- Holy Roman Empire --- ドイツ レンポウ キョウワコク --- Außenpolitik. --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland. --- Federal Republic of Germany. --- Foreign policy. --- KSZE. --- records. --- HISTORY / Europe / Germany. --- Deguo --- 德国 --- Gėrman --- Герман Улс

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Today, strategic aerial bombardments of urban areas that harm civilians, at times intentionally, are becoming increasingly common in global conflicts. This book reveals the history of these tactics as employed by nations that initiated aerial bombardments of civilians after World War I and during World War II. As one of the major symbols of German suffering, the Allied bombing left a strong imprint on German society. Bas von Benda-Beckmann explores how German historical accounts reflected debates on postwar identity and looks at whether the history of the air war forms a counternarrative against the idea of German collective guilt. Provocative and unflinching, this study offers a valuable contribution to German historiography.

Bombing, Aerial --- Bombing, Aerial. --- Destruction and pillage. --- Geschichtsschreibung. --- Historians --- Historians. --- Luftkrieg. --- Weltkrieg --- World War, 1939-1945 --- History --- Destruction and pillage --- World War (1939-1945). --- 1939-1945. --- Deutschland. --- Germany. --- History. --- Aerial bombing --- Air strikes --- Airstrikes --- Air warfare --- Bombardment --- Bombers --- Luftkrieg --- Geschichtsschreibung --- HISTORY --- General. --- Western. --- BMBF-Statusseminar --- 1939-1945 --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Deutschland --- BMB+F Statusseminar --- World War II Period --- Historiographers --- Scholars --- Alemania --- Ashkenaz --- BRD --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- Deutsches Reich --- Doitsu --- Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku --- Federal Republic of Germany --- Federalʹna Respublika Nimechchyny --- FRN --- German Uls --- Germania --- Germanii︠a︡ --- Germanyah --- Gjermani --- Grossdeutsches Reich --- Jirmānīya --- KhBNGU --- Kholboony Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Nimechchyna --- Repoblika Federalin'i Alemana --- República de Alemania --- República Federal de Alemania --- Republika Federal Alemmana --- Vācijā --- Veĭmarskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Weimar Republic --- Weimarer Republik --- ХБНГУ --- Германия --- جرمانيا --- ドイツ --- ドイツ連邦共和国 --- ドイツ レンポウ キョウワコク --- Germany (East) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : British Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : French Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : Russian Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : U.S. Zone) --- Germany (West) --- Holy Roman Empire --- European War, 1939-1945 --- Second World War, 1939-1945 --- World War 2, 1939-1945 --- World War II, 1939-1945 --- World War Two, 1939-1945 --- WW II (World War, 1939-1945) --- WWII (World War, 1939-1945) --- History, Modern --- Historiography. --- Allied bombings Historiography Second World War Germany.

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This volume explores the development of statistical science and cartography in Germany between the beginning of the 19th century and the start of World War One, examining their impact on the German national identity.

Nationalism --- Demographic surveys --- Cartography --- Nationalisme --- Enquêtes démographiques --- Cartographie --- History --- Histoire --- Germany --- Allemagne --- Population --- Statistics --- Statistiques --- Enquêtes démographiques --- Histoire. --- Ethnology --- Cartography, Primitive --- Chartography --- Map-making --- Mapmaking --- Mapping (Cartography) --- Mathematical geography --- Surveying --- Map projection --- Maps --- Alemania --- Ashkenaz --- BRD --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- Deutsches Reich --- Deutschland --- Doitsu --- Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku --- Federal Republic of Germany --- Federalʹna Respublika Nimechchyny --- FRN --- German Uls --- Germania --- Germanii︠a︡ --- Germanyah --- Gjermani --- Grossdeutsches Reich --- Jirmānīya --- KhBNGU --- Kholboony Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Nimechchyna --- Repoblika Federalin'i Alemana --- República de Alemania --- República Federal de Alemania --- Republika Federal Alemmana --- Vācijā --- Veĭmarskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Weimar Republic --- Weimarer Republik --- ХБНГУ --- Германия --- جرمانيا --- ドイツ --- ドイツ連邦共和国 --- ドイツ レンポウ キョウワコク --- Germany (East) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : British Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : French Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : Russian Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : U.S. Zone) --- Germany (West) --- Holy Roman Empire --- Historical geography. --- Deguo --- 德国 --- Gėrman --- Герман Улс --- 1800 - 1899 --- 1800-talet

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Nora E. Sánchez Gassen analyses how demographic trends and electoral law have influenced the German electorate in the past and projects their future impact. A set of population projections illustrates how the size and age structure of the electorate will change until 2030 due to ongoing demographic changes. Additional analyses reveal how reforms of electoral law and citizenship law could be used to influence these trends. Overall, the author combines demographic methods with democratic theory in order to investigate a topic that has so far received little attention in discussions on demographic change: the future of the democratic system. Contents The influence of legal and demographic changes on the development of the electorate Demographic projections: The influence of demographic trends on the development of the electorate Policy scenarios: The influence of legal changes on the development of the electorate The development of the German electorate: Trends and consequences Target Groups Political Scientists (areas of study: democratic theory, political systems and institutions, electoral studies) and Demographers (areas of study: population projections, population ageing, migration/integration) Persons working in ministries, parties and public administration, interest groups (migrant organisations, foundations and institutions who are interested in the rights of future generations) The Author Nora E. Sánchez Gassen is a Research Fellow at the ESRC Research Centre for Population Change of the University of Southampton (UK).

Social Sciences. --- Political Theory. --- Social sciences. --- Sciences sociales --- Election law -- Germany. --- Germany -- Population. --- Political science. --- Voting -- Germany. --- Political Science --- Law, Politics & Government --- Political Theory of the State --- Voting --- Election law --- Polls --- Political theory. --- Political Science and International Relations. --- Elections --- Politics, Practical --- Social choice --- Suffrage --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- Germany --- Population. --- Alemania --- Ashkenaz --- BRD --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- Deguo --- 德国 --- Deutsches Reich --- Deutschland --- Doitsu --- Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku --- Federal Republic of Germany --- Federalʹna Respublika Nimechchyny --- FRN --- Gėrman --- German Uls --- Герман Улс --- Germania --- Germanii︠a︡ --- Germanyah --- Gjermani --- Grossdeutsches Reich --- Jirmānīya --- KhBNGU --- Kholboony Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Nimechchyna --- Repoblika Federalin'i Alemana --- República de Alemania --- República Federal de Alemania --- Republika Federal Alemmana --- Vācijā --- Veĭmarskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Weimar Republic --- Weimarer Republik --- ХБНГУ --- Германия --- جرمانيا --- ドイツ --- ドイツ連邦共和国 --- ドイツ レンポウ キョウワコク --- Germany (East) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : British Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : French Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : Russian Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : U.S. Zone) --- Germany (West) --- Holy Roman Empire

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"Having emerged from the end of the Cold War as a unified country, Germany has quickly become the second largest exporter in the world. Its economic might has made it the center of the Eurozone and the pivotal power of Europe. Like other geo-economic powers, Germany's foreign policy is characterized by a definition of the national interest in economic terms and the elevation of economic interests over non-economic values such as human rights or democracy promotion. This strategic paradigm is evident in German's relationship with China, the Gulf States and Europe, but it is most important in regard to its evolving policies towards Russia. In this book, Stephen F. Szabo provides a description and analysis of German policy towards Russia, revealing how unified Germany is finding its global role in which its interests do not always coincide with the United States or its European partners. He explores the role of German business and finance in the shaping of foreign policy and investigates how Germany's Russia policy effects its broader foreign policy in the region and at how it is perceived by key outside players such as the United States, Poland and the EU. With reference to public, opinion, the media and think tanks Szabo reveals how Germans perceive Russians, and he uncovers the ways in which its dealings with Russia affect Germany in terms of the importing of corruption and crime. Drawing on interviews with key opinion-shapers, business and financial players and policy makers and on a wide variety of public opinion surveys, media reports and archival sources, his will be a key resource for all those wishing to understand the new geo-economic balance of Europe."--Bloomsbury Publishing.

Geopolitics --- Economic aspects. --- Germany --- Russia (Federation) --- Foreign relations --- Foreign economic relations --- World politics --- Russian Federation --- Rossiyskaya Federatsiya --- Rossiya (Federation) --- Rossii︠a︡ (Federation) --- Российская Федерация --- Rossiĭskai︠a︡ Federat︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Російська Федерація --- Rosiĭsʹka Federat︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Federazione della Russia --- Russische Föderation --- RF --- Federation of Russia --- Urysye Federat︠s︡ie --- Правительство России --- Pravitelʹstvo Rossii --- Правительство Российской Федерации --- Pravitelʹstvo Rossiĭskoĭ Federat︠s︡ii --- Правительство РФ --- Pravitelʹstvo RF --- Rosja (Federation) --- O-lo-ssu (Federation) --- Roshia Renpō --- Federazione russa --- OKhU --- Orosyn Kholboony Uls --- Russian S.F.S.R. --- Alemania --- Ashkenaz --- BRD --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- Deutsches Reich --- Deutschland --- Doitsu --- Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku --- Federal Republic of Germany --- Federalʹna Respublika Nimechchyny --- FRN --- German Uls --- Germania --- Germanii︠a︡ --- Germanyah --- Gjermani --- Grossdeutsches Reich --- Jirmānīya --- KhBNGU --- Kholboony Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Nimechchyna --- Repoblika Federalin'i Alemana --- República de Alemania --- República Federal de Alemania --- Republika Federal Alemmana --- Vācijā --- Veĭmarskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Weimar Republic --- Weimarer Republik --- ХБНГУ --- Германия --- جرمانيا --- ドイツ --- ドイツ連邦共和国 --- ドイツ レンポウ キョウワコク --- Germany (East) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : British Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : French Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : Russian Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : U.S. Zone) --- Germany (West) --- Holy Roman Empire --- Eluosi (Federation) --- 俄罗斯 (Federation) --- Deguo --- 德国 --- Gėrman --- Герман Улс --- RF (Russian Federation) --- Россия (Federation)