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"In 1868, the state of Georgia began to make its rapidly growing population of prisoners available for hire. The resulting convict leasing system ensnared not only men but also African American women, who were forced to labor in camps and factories to make profits for private investors. In this vivid work of history, Talitha L. LeFlouria draws from a rich array of primary sources to piece together the stories of these women, recounting what they endured in Georgia's prison system and what their labor accomplished. LeFlouria argues that African American women's presence within the convict lease and chain-gang systems of Georgia helped to modernize the South by creating a new and dynamic set of skills for black women. At the same time, female inmates struggled to resist physical and sexual exploitation and to preserve their human dignity within a hostile climate of terror. This revealing history redefines the social context of black women's lives and labor in the New South and allows their stories to be told for the first time"--Provided by publisher.

Convict labor --- African American women --- African American prisoners --- Women prisoners --- Prisons and race relations --- Prisons and race problems --- Race relations and prisons --- Afro-American prisoners --- Prisoners, African American --- Afro-American women --- Women, African American --- Women, Negro --- Lease system --- Prison labor --- History --- Social conditions. --- History. --- Georgia --- State of Georgia --- Peach State --- Empire State of the South --- جورجيا --- Jūrjiyā --- Cheorchia --- Estato de Cheorchia --- Jôrg·ie --- Corciya --- Джорджия --- Dzhordzhii︠a︡ --- Штат Джорджыя --- Shtat Dz︠h︡ordz︠h︡yi︠a︡ --- Джорджыя --- Dz︠h︡ordz︠h︡yi︠a︡ --- Georgie --- Jóojah Hahoodzo --- Τζόρτζια --- Tzortzia --- Πολιτεία της Τζόρτζια --- Politeia tēs Tzortzia --- Georgio (State) --- État de Géorgie --- Yn Çhorshey --- Çhorshey --- Xeorxia --- Estado de Xeorxia --- Khièu-tshṳ-â --- Jorji --- 조지아 주 --- Chojia-ju --- 조지아주 --- Chojiaju --- 조지아 --- Chojia --- Keokia --- Jorjiạ --- ג'ורג'יה --- G'org'iyah --- מדינת ג'ורג'יה --- Medinat G'org'iyah --- Jeorji --- Djòdji --- Džordžija --- Џорџија --- Жоржиа --- Zhorzhia --- Жоржиа Муж Улс --- Zhorzhia Muzh Uls --- ジョージア州 --- Jōjia-shū --- Jōjiashū --- ジョージア --- Jōjia --- Delstaten Georgia --- Jorjiya --- Georgia suyu --- Джорджія --- Штат Джорджія --- Shtat Dz︠h︡ordz︠h︡ii︠a︡ --- Giorgiye Shitati --- דזשארדזיע --- דזשארדזשיע --- Ìpínlẹ̀ `Georgia --- Džuordžėjė --- 喬治亞州 --- Qiaozhiya Zhou --- 喬治亞 --- Qiaozhiya --- US-GA --- GA --- Race relations --- Economic conditions --- Prisoners --- Women --- Forced labor

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KEY ISSUES Context. Macroeconomic developments have been in line with the program. Growth has recovered, led by domestic demand, with the Russia-Ukraine crisis having limited economic impact so far. Growth should reach 5 percent in 2014. Georgia and the EU started applying their Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) agreement provisionally in September. Although some ministers left the cabinet in November, the ruling Georgian Dream government has kept its majority and has reaffirmed its commitment to Georgia’s goal of increased European integration. Outlook and Risks. Growth should remain at 5 percent in 2015. Downside risks stem from possible escalation of regional tensions and weaker recovery in the Euro area. On the upside, lower oil prices could boost growth and reduce the current account deficit. Policies. Although this year’s fiscal deficit should come in below target, the composition of spending has again shifted from capital to current and the substantial increase in government spending planned for the fourth quarter could lead to balance of payments pressures. The 3 percent of GDP deficit in the 2015 draft budget is consistent with the program objectives of preserving fiscal sustainability and supporting external adjustment. The draft budget envisages increases in pensions, teacher salaries, drug benefit coverage, and capital spending paid for by higher excises on tobacco, alcohol, and incoming international phone calls. Annual inflation rose to 3½ percent in October but remains below the National Bank of Georgia’s (NBG) inflation target of 6 percent for 2014. The stability of the lari against the U.S. dollar has resulted in appreciation against key trading partners. The current account deficit has widened in 2014 as expected with the economic recovery but should decline in the medium term supported by fiscal consolidation, exchange rate flexibility, reforms to improve competitiveness, and greater trade opportunities. Reserve accumulation under the program will strengthen resilience to shocks. The NBG is committed to implementing the FSAP recommendations. Program. The program is on track, with all September conditionality met except for the structural benchmark on preparing an access to finance study which has now been reset. SDR40 million will become available upon the completion of the review.

Economic development --- Fiscal policy --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Government policy --- International Monetary Fund --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- Georgia --- State of Georgia --- Peach State --- Empire State of the South --- جورجيا --- Jūrjiyā --- Cheorchia --- Estato de Cheorchia --- Jôrg·ie --- Corciya --- Джорджия --- Dzhordzhii︠a︡ --- Штат Джорджыя --- Shtat Dz︠h︡ordz︠h︡yi︠a︡ --- Джорджыя --- Dz︠h︡ordz︠h︡yi︠a︡ --- Georgie --- Jóojah Hahoodzo --- Τζόρτζια --- Tzortzia --- Πολιτεία της Τζόρτζια --- Politeia tēs Tzortzia --- Georgio (State) --- État de Géorgie --- Yn Çhorshey --- Çhorshey --- Xeorxia --- Estado de Xeorxia --- Khièu-tshṳ-â --- Jorji --- 조지아 주 --- Chojia-ju --- 조지아주 --- Chojiaju --- 조지아 --- Chojia --- Keokia --- Jorjiạ --- ג'ורג'יה --- G'org'iyah --- מדינת ג'ורג'יה --- Medinat G'org'iyah --- Jeorji --- Djòdji --- Džordžija --- Џорџија --- Жоржиа --- Zhorzhia --- Жоржиа Муж Улс --- Zhorzhia Muzh Uls --- ジョージア州 --- Jōjia-shū --- Jōjiashū --- ジョージア --- Jōjia --- Delstaten Georgia --- Jorjiya --- Georgia suyu --- Джорджія --- Штат Джорджія --- Shtat Dz︠h︡ordz︠h︡ii︠a︡ --- Giorgiye Shitati --- דזשארדזיע --- דזשארדזשיע --- Ìpínlẹ̀ `Georgia --- Džuordžėjė --- 喬治亞州 --- Qiaozhiya Zhou --- 喬治亞 --- Qiaozhiya --- US-GA --- GA --- Economic conditions. --- Economic policy. --- Exports and Imports --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Industries: Financial Services --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Finance --- Monetary economics --- External debt --- Current account deficits --- Public debt --- Loans --- Credit --- Balance of payments --- Money --- Financial institutions --- Debts, External --- Debts, Public