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Understanding who benefits from fuel price subsidies and the welfare impact of increasing fuel prices is key to designing, and gaining public support for, subsidy reform. This paper updates evidence for developing countries on the magnitude of the welfare impact of subsidy reform and its distribution across income groups, incorporating more recent studies and expanding the number of countries. These studies confirm that a very large share of benefits from price subsidies goes to high-income households, further reinforcing existing income inequalities. The results can also help to approximate the welfare impact of subsidy reform for countries where the data necessary for such an analysis is not available.

Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Efficiency --- Optimal Taxation --- Taxation and Subsidies: Incidence --- Taxation and Subsidies: Externalities --- Redistributive Effects --- Environmental Taxes and Subsidies --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Energy industries & utilities --- Fuel prices --- Energy subsidies --- Consumption --- Energy pricing --- Expenditure --- National accounts --- Income --- Expenditures, Public --- Economics --- United States