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Topological Insulators (TIs)  are insulators in the bulk, but have exotic metallic states at their surfaces. The topology, associated with the electronic wavefunctions of these systems, changes when passing from the bulk to the surface.This work studies, by means of infrared spectroscopy, the low energy optical conductivity of Bismuth based TIs in order to identify the extrinsic charge contribution of the bulk and to separate it from the intrinsic contribution of the surface state carriers. The extensive results presented in this thesis definitely shows the 2D character of the carriers in Bismuth-based topological insulators. The experimental apparatus and the FTIR technique, the theory of optical properties and Surface Plasmon Polaritons, as well as sample preparation of both crystals and thin films, and the analysis procedures are thoroughly described.

Electric insulators and insulation. --- Materials --- Strength of materials. --- Mechanical properties. --- Architectural engineering --- Engineering, Architectural --- Materials, Strength of --- Resistance of materials --- Mechanical behavior of materials --- Mechanical properties of materials --- Bushings --- Insulation (Electric) --- Mechanical behavior --- Physics. --- Solid state physics. --- Semiconductors. --- Optical materials. --- Electronic materials. --- Materials science. --- Thin films. --- Optical and Electronic Materials. --- Solid State Physics. --- Surfaces and Interfaces, Thin Films. --- Characterization and Evaluation of Materials. --- Surfaces. --- Building materials --- Flexure --- Mechanics --- Testing --- Elasticity --- Graphic statics --- Strains and stresses --- Electric resistance --- Insulating materials --- Dielectrics --- Surfaces (Physics). --- Topological insulators. --- Physics --- Surface chemistry --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Optics --- Materials—Surfaces. --- Material science --- Physical sciences --- Films, Thin --- Solid film --- Solid state electronics --- Solids --- Coatings --- Thick films --- Electronic materials --- Crystalline semiconductors --- Semi-conductors --- Semiconducting materials --- Semiconductor devices --- Crystals --- Electrical engineering --- Electronics