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Few people are aware that shortly after 1456, when Athens yielded without fighting to the bitter end, she had become one of the bigger Balkan towns within the Ottoman Empire. The limited area confined within the boundaries of the late Roman fortification walls soon developed into a town of thirty-six mahalles. A thorough analysis of the town/country relationship within the Ottoman feudal system of production in general, and as related to Athens in particular, reveals the dynamic conditions of urban development. Athens shared many of the characteristics of prosperity based on specific modes of appropriation of surpluses and patterns of division of labour between town and countryside. Strange though it might seem, it was only after the middle of the 17th century, when land-tenure conditions changed and Athens was heading towards decline, that an 'Ottoman' character as such could be detected in its built environment, although Christians still strongly outnumbered Muslim citizens. That^ being so, the presence at that time in Athens of representatives of the European Enlightenment, hypnotized by the myth of its artistic and cultural treasures, did not affect the general conditions of development. In the 1830s, Athens, by that time a provincial town of secondary importance, was 'ordered' to stride from feudalism to capitalism, to transform itself into a modern capital city of a new-born state. The shift from a small town under Ottoman rule to the modern city of the Hellenic Kingdom implied the quick transformation of belonging to a community (understood in terms of sharing common cultural characteristics) to a sense of being a member of a society (understood as an institution, as an externality demanding obedience). The amorphous masses of the medieval quarters that had arranged themselves so that unity within variety was established, where each particular architectural entity retained its meaning in so far as it was experienced as part of the whole urban fabric, had to ^give way to the early 19th-century planning environment, conceived more or less as a series of autonomous architectural identities understood only within a specific urban complex. It was not easy for Athens to cross the 'line' in 1834. The rejection of the first plan should not be naively understood as an urban restructuring triggering the virulent dissent of those Athenian landowners who detected threats to their vested interests. A violent break with the past was necessary so that new compositional stratagems could be implemented. But ever since Athens became a capital city, the pendulum of its history swung dramatically between tradition and modernism, not least because nationalism kept propagating an idealistic vision of an historical continuum that ran from the glorious ancient past down to the euphoria of the modern Greek state. Although Athens did make steady steps towards becoming a 'modern', 'European-like' city, comprehensive planning and centralized control of public works^ ^as they had been essayed in central and western European cities in the second half of the 19th century, were totally incompatible with the build-as-you-please practice foisted on the capital city of Greece. Architectural and urban analysis of Athens between 1456 and 1920 discloses the metamorphosis of a town to a city, experienced as an invigorating adventure through the meandering routes of history. This is what this book is about.

Athens (Greece) --- History

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History --- Athens (Greece) --- City planning --- Historic buildings

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Immigrants --- Religious life --- Athens (Greece) --- Emigration and immigration --- Religious aspects.

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Il volume contiene il testo di diciannove contributi, elaborati da docenti di otto università europee, tra loro collegate nel 'Réseau Thématique Plutarque' (Madrid, Málaga, Coimbra, Paris X, Leuven, Groningen, Salerno, Firenze) ed intende commentare le notizie fornite da Plutarco sulla vita e le attività, l'importanza e l'influenza delle grandi figure dell'antica Atene. Si propongono contributi rilevanti su celebri personaggi politici (Teseo, Solone, Pericle e Cimone); sui grandi filosofi ateniesi (in particolare Socrate, la tradizione dell'Accademia platonica e del Peripato); sull'astrologo Metone ed Epimenide, il purificatore di Atene; ma anche sulle donne famose (in particolare, Aspasia). Due capitoli trattano della situazione storica di Atene all'epoca dei diadochi e in età romana. Altri due sono dedicati alla ricezione in epoca rinascimentale di due opere plutarchee specifiche, sulla "Gloria degli ateniesi e sui detti degli ateniesi".

Plutarch --- Athens (Greece) --- Biography --- Classical philology --- Language arts & disciplines

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Revered as the birthplace of Western thought and democracy, Athens is much more than an open-air museum filled with crumbling monuments to ancient glory. Athens takes readers on a journey from the classical city-state to today's contemporary capital, revealing a world-famous metropolis that has been resurrected and redefined time and again. Although the Acropolis remains the city's anchor, Athens' vibrant culture extends far beyond the Greek city's antique boundaries. James H. S. McGregor points out how the cityscape preserves signs of the many actors who have crossed its historical stage. Alexander the Great incorporated Athens into his empire, as did the Romans. Byzantine Christians repurposed Greek temples, the Parthenon included, into churches. From the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries, the city's language changed from French to Spanish to Italian, as Crusaders and adventurers from different parts of Western Europe took turns sacking and administering the city. An Islamic Athens took root following the Ottoman conquest of 1456 and remained in place for nearly four hundred years, until Greek patriots finally won independence in a blood-drenched revolution. Since then, Athenians have endured many hardships, from Nazi occupation and military coups to famine and economic crisis. Yet, as McGregor shows, the history of Athens is closer to a heroic epic than a Greek tragedy. Richly supplemented with maps and illustrations, Athens paints a portrait of one of the world's great cities, designed for travelers as well as armchair students of urban history.

City planning --- Historic buildings --- History --- Athens (Greece) --- Description and travel --- Buildings, structures, etc --- City planning - Greece - Athens - History --- Historic buildings - Greece - Athens --- Athens (Greece) - Description and travel --- Athens (Greece) - History --- Athens (Greece) - Buildings, structures, etc --- History. --- Description and travel. --- Buildings, structures, etc.