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Commentaar --- Italië --- Opera's --- Analyses
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Commentaar --- Opera omnia --- Italië --- Opera's --- Analyses
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Statistics --- Statistics. --- Statistics as Topic. --- Methodology --- Methodology. --- Area Analysis --- Correlation Studies --- Correlation Study --- Correlation of Data --- Data Analysis --- Estimation Technics --- Estimation Techniques --- Indirect Estimation Technics --- Indirect Estimation Techniques --- Multiple Classification Analysis --- Service Statistics --- Statistical Study --- Statistics, Service --- Tables and Charts as Topic --- Analyses, Area --- Analyses, Data --- Analyses, Multiple Classification --- Analysis, Area --- Analysis, Data --- Analysis, Multiple Classification --- Area Analyses --- Classification Analyses, Multiple --- Classification Analysis, Multiple --- Data Analyses --- Data Correlation --- Data Correlations --- Estimation Technic --- Estimation Technic, Indirect --- Estimation Technics, Indirect --- Estimation Technique --- Estimation Technique, Indirect --- Estimation Techniques, Indirect --- Indirect Estimation Technic --- Indirect Estimation Technique --- Multiple Classification Analyses --- Statistical Studies --- Studies, Correlation --- Studies, Statistical --- Study, Correlation --- Study, Statistical --- Technic, Estimation --- Technic, Indirect Estimation --- Technics, Estimation --- Technics, Indirect Estimation --- Technique, Estimation --- Technique, Indirect Estimation --- Techniques, Estimation --- Techniques, Indirect Estimation --- Statistical analysis --- Statistical data --- Statistical methods --- Statistical science --- Mathematics --- Econometrics --- Mathematical Statistics
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Public Health --- Medicine --- Automatic Data Processing --- Public health --- Médecine --- Periodicals. --- Data processing --- Informatique --- Périodiques --- Santé publique --- Periodicals --- Public Health. --- Datasets as Topic. --- Statistics as Topic. --- Medicine. --- Automatic Data Processing. --- Data processing. --- Computers in medicine --- Area Analysis --- Correlation Studies --- Correlation Study --- Correlation of Data --- Data Analysis --- Estimation Technics --- Estimation Techniques --- Indirect Estimation Technics --- Indirect Estimation Techniques --- Multiple Classification Analysis --- Service Statistics --- Statistical Study --- Statistics, Service --- Tables and Charts as Topic --- Analyses, Area --- Analyses, Data --- Analyses, Multiple Classification --- Analysis, Area --- Analysis, Data --- Analysis, Multiple Classification --- Area Analyses --- Classification Analyses, Multiple --- Classification Analysis, Multiple --- Data Analyses --- Data Correlation --- Data Correlations --- Estimation Technic --- Estimation Technic, Indirect --- Estimation Technics, Indirect --- Estimation Technique --- Estimation Technique, Indirect --- Estimation Techniques, Indirect --- Indirect Estimation Technic --- Indirect Estimation Technique --- Multiple Classification Analyses --- Statistical Studies --- Studies, Correlation --- Studies, Statistical --- Study, Correlation --- Study, Statistical --- Technic, Estimation --- Technic, Indirect Estimation --- Technics, Estimation --- Technics, Indirect Estimation --- Technique, Estimation --- Technique, Indirect Estimation --- Techniques, Estimation --- Techniques, Indirect Estimation --- Data Sets as Topic --- Dataset as Topic --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Public --- Community health --- Health services --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Sanitary affairs --- Social hygiene --- medical --- public --- datasets --- health --- data --- Community Health --- Health, Community --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- Health --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- Medicine, Preventive --- National health services --- Sanitation --- Big Data --- Health Workforce --- Public Health - General
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Does the distribution of income within a country become more equal as it grows richer? This paper uses plausibly exogenous variations in trade-weighted world income and international oil price shocks as instruments for within-country variations in countries real GDP per capita to examine this issue for a large sample of advanced and developing countries. Our findings indicate that increases in national income have a significant moderating effect on income inequality: a one percent increase in real GDP per capita, on average, reduces the Gini coefficient by around 0.08 percentage points, a result that is robust across income levels, different time horizons, and alternative estimation techniques. From a policy perspective, our results suggest that education policies that promote equity and help individuals continue on to higher levels of education could help reduce income inequality.
Income --- Income distribution --- Equality --- Macroeconomics --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development --- Economic Development: Human Resources --- Human Development --- Income Distribution --- Migration --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth --- Environmental Accounts --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Income inequality --- National income --- Personal income --- Oil prices --- National accounts --- United Kingdom
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The Fund has recognized in recent years that one cannot separate issues of economic growth and stability on one hand and equality on the other. Indeed, there is a strong case for considering inequality and an inability to sustain economic growth as two sides of the same coin. Central to the Fund’s mandate is providing advice that will enable members’ economies to grow on a sustained basis. But the Fund has rightly been cautious about recommending the use of redistributive policies given that such policies may themselves undercut economic efficiency and the prospects for sustained growth (the so-called “leaky bucket” hypothesis written about by the famous Yale economist Arthur Okun in the 1970s). This SDN follows up the previous SDN on inequality and growth by focusing on the role of redistribution. It finds that, from the perspective of the best available macroeconomic data, there is not a lot of evidence that redistribution has in fact undercut economic growth (except in extreme cases). One should be careful not to assume therefore—as Okun and others have—that there is a big tradeoff between redistribution and growth. The best available macroeconomic data do not support such a conclusion.
Economic Development --- Income Distribution --- Business & Economics --- Macroeconomics --- Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development --- Economic Development: Human Resources --- Human Development --- Migration --- Measurement of Economic Growth --- Aggregate Productivity --- Cross-Country Output Convergence --- Fiscal Policy --- Taxation and Subsidies: Externalities --- Redistributive Effects --- Environmental Taxes and Subsidies --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Income inequality --- Personal income --- Fiscal redistribution --- Income distribution --- National accounts --- Income --- United States
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The World Bank and the IMF have adopted a debt sustainability framework (DSF) to evaluate the risk of debt distress in Low Income Countries (LICs). At the core of the DSF are empirically-based thresholds for each of five different measures of the debt burden (the “debt threshold approach” DTA). The DSF contains a rule for aggregating the information contained in these five different variables which we label the “worst-case aggregator” (WCA) in view of the fact that the DSF considers a breach of any one of the thresholds sufficient to indicate a high risk of debt distress. However, neither the DTA nor the WCA has heretofore been subject to empirical testing. We find that: (1) the DTA loses information relative to a simple proposed alternative; (2) the WCA is too conservative (predicting crises too often) in terms of the loss function used in the DSF; and (3) the WCA is less accurate than some simple proposed alternative aggregators as a predictor of debt distress.
Debts, External --- Economic development --- Developing countries --- Economic policy. --- Exports and Imports --- Taxation --- International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Foreign Aid --- Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Debt sustainability analysis --- Debt sustainability --- Debt burden --- Double taxation --- Debt default
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wetenschappelijk onderzoek --- evidence-based nursing --- evidence-based methodiek --- Human medicine --- epidemiologie --- Klinisch handelen --- Evidence-Based Medicine. --- Clinical Medicine. --- Decision Support Techniques. --- Analysis, Decision --- Clinical Prediction Rule --- Decision Aids --- Decision Support Technics --- Decision Analysis --- Decision Modeling --- Models, Decision Support --- Aid, Decision --- Aids, Decision --- Analyses, Decision --- Clinical Prediction Rules --- Decision Aid --- Decision Analyses --- Decision Support Model --- Decision Support Models --- Decision Support Technic --- Decision Support Technique --- Model, Decision Support --- Modeling, Decision --- Prediction Rule, Clinical --- Prediction Rules, Clinical --- Rule, Clinical Prediction --- Rules, Clinical Prediction --- Technic, Decision Support --- Technics, Decision Support --- Technique, Decision Support --- Techniques, Decision Support --- Clinical Decision-Making --- Decision Making --- Decision Making, Organizational --- Medicine, Clinical --- Hygiene. Public health. Protection --- Pharmacology. Therapy --- Semiology. Diagnosis. Symptomatology --- Geneeskunde --- Diagnostiek --- Ziekten --- Medicine, Evidence-Based --- Evidence Based Medicine --- Medicine, Evidence Based --- Decision Support Techniques --- Clinical Medicine --- Evidence-Based Dentistry --- Evidence-Based Nursing --- Evidence-Based Medicine
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We combine state-level fiscal data with household survey data to assess the links between sub-national fiscal policy and income inequality in Brazil over the period 1995-2011. The results indicate that a tighter fiscal stance at the sub-national level is not associated with a deterioration in inequality measures. This finding contrasts with the conclusions of several papers in the burgeoning literature on the effects of fiscal consolidation on inequality using national data for OECD economies. In addition, we find that a tighter stance is typically positively associated with a measure of “shared prosperity”. Hence, our results caution against extrapolating policy implications of the literature focusing on advanced economies to other settings.
Economic development. --- International finance. --- International monetary system --- International money --- Finance --- International economic relations --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Distribution: General --- Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General --- Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Fiscal Policy --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Income inequality --- Fiscal stance --- Expenditure --- Fiscal consolidation --- Fiscal policy --- National accounts --- Income distribution --- Expenditures, Public --- Brazil
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Is rapid economic growth experienced by the East African Community during the past decade built on solid foundations? To gain some clues, we use a variety of newly-collected and existing data sources to analyze the structural transformation of output and exports, as well as indicators of their quality and sophistication. The move from agriculture to a wide range of other sectors—bodes well for continued growth, as do gradual improvements in quality. Yet, no clear winners on the production side seem to have emerged, to embed a durable comparative advantage in international markets. These observations may instill a note of caution against projecting rapid growth into the distant future.
Economic development --- Exports --- International trade --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Exports and Imports --- Infrastructure --- Macroeconomics --- Agribusiness --- Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development --- Industrialization --- Manufacturing and Service Industries --- Choice of Technology --- Trade: General --- Agriculture: General --- Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change --- Industrial Price Indices --- Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities: General --- International economics --- Agricultural economics --- Agricultural sector --- Structural transformation --- Transportation --- Economic sectors --- Agricultural industries --- Saving and investment --- Kenya
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